tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-73774979048821865012024-03-05T11:40:51.274-08:00Garden Earth - Beyond sustainabilityA blog about the future of the planet. Ecology, Environment, Development and Economy are put together and looked at critically.Gunnar Rundgrenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11869055229248959119noreply@blogger.comBlogger526125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7377497904882186501.post-54358298587300647362023-03-22T00:51:00.003-07:002023-03-22T00:51:52.493-07:00Moving to https://gardenearth.substack.com <p>Dear Readers, I have now moved my writing to a new platform, https://gardenearth.substack.com/ . Please tune in there instead. It will alllow readers to subscribe. The platform also have more features such as integrated pod casts. It might take me some time to get accostomed to the new platform and get all festures working. </p><p>These Blogger pages will be kept for another half year after which I will deleted them as a measure of cloud hygiene. We should all do our best to limit our use of digital storage space as every byte needs resources. </p><p><br /></p>Gunnar Rundgrenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11869055229248959119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7377497904882186501.post-4535913421258043842023-03-06T01:00:00.002-08:002023-03-06T01:00:18.895-08:00 The living –the boundless relation between humans and nature<p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijinJwoZerLOJnIZSXVWAgJSP98tJvD_f8SNfQCWw7DhAIPIecx3xH6wj8uWkn3ix6d0ElsUwixXucsf6oBheGF7Zex-nRBFzTYg_wFUm5l8pf7ZNMlyRgLDWL0BR7-3uZltrB_MlucFx4wNH0K-ahyreQCT8QujskY5rT6yDe8fxUnmUT8tcGbIpOiw/s2480/omslag.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2480" data-original-width="1594" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijinJwoZerLOJnIZSXVWAgJSP98tJvD_f8SNfQCWw7DhAIPIecx3xH6wj8uWkn3ix6d0ElsUwixXucsf6oBheGF7Zex-nRBFzTYg_wFUm5l8pf7ZNMlyRgLDWL0BR7-3uZltrB_MlucFx4wNH0K-ahyreQCT8QujskY5rT6yDe8fxUnmUT8tcGbIpOiw/s320/omslag.jpeg" width="206" /></a>In May our
new book <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Det levande</i> (The Living)
will be published in Sweden. ”We” in this case is Ann-Helen Meyer von Bremen,
my partner, wife, co-farmer and co-writer and myself. </span></p><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">As can be
gleaned from the title, the book’s theme is the relation between us and the
rest of the living, nature. As the theme is an eternal point for reflection and
negotiations it is probably not surprising that we don’t land in a definitive
position on the bigger issue. Nevertheless, we believe we shed some light on
the many aspects of humans’ interactions with the rest of the living world. We
certainly have some ideas for improvements but the book is definitively not one
in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">10-things you can do to save the
planet/be a better person/have a happy life</i> - genre. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">We draw
from our own experiences from our small farm which is located into a forested
part of the country, where we try to manage land, meadow, bogs, lake and
forests in a regenerative, organic, sustainable, nature-friendly (words come
and go to describe how we can interact with and ”manage” nature in a way that
on the one hand gives humans a nice life and respects the rest of the living. I
have long lost faith in that we can find a word that encompass that without
being corrupted by the market) way. In addition, we report from various
experiences, such as a visit to the Sequoia National park in California,
fishing salmon in the lake Vänern, palm oil plantations in Sumatra just to
mention a few. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">What is the
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">unique selling point</i> of our book is
that we tie those practical experiences into historical, philosophical,
spiritual and political perspectives as well as to the ecological and economic
contexts. There are books that dive deep into the fascinating life of trees, eels
or mushrooms; there is research about how lichens can survive in outer space; there
are books about the spiritual or philosophical aspects of human nature
relations and books about how we are hosts to millions of bacteria. We try to
knit those many aspects together and make some sense out of it.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The term Anthropocene
which has had such an appeal the last decade is double edged. On the one hand,
it does point to the very big (mostly negative) impact humans have on the
planet, on biodiversity, on the huge cycles of carbon, nitrogen and water and
alike. It cautions us to take it easier, reduce our foot print and adjust
ourselves better to nature. On the other hand, Anthropocene can also fuel the notion
of how the exceptional creature Homo sapiens has powers bigger than nature,
that we can shape nature in the same way as the potter shapes clay.
Ecomodernists and transhumanists often talk about the </span><span lang="SV"><a href="http://www.ecomodernism.org/manifesto-english"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Good Anthropocene</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">, a new Golden age of humanity. In
some way this is just a continuation of the sustainable development narrative
that since the 1980s have fooled people that there are ways to eat the cake and
grow it at the same time. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Having a
farm means that we manage a piece of nature. To some extent, we shape it
according to our own minds. As everyone that ever has farmed can testify, it
doesn’t always work out the way you would like it to. Again and again, nature
limits our reach as farmers, nature strikes back, nature doesn’t always do what
we want it to do. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">But has nature
really agency? Well, kind of. I am not really a believer in a Gaia or Mother
Earth with a purpose and a meaning or to ascribe intentions in a bigger sense
to the deer eating our vegetables or the moth eating our cabbage. Having said
that, it is still obvious that all the living make things happen, and that we
(humans) are not as much in control as we pretend to be - or believe we are. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Despite all
the bravado of the Anthropocene, we are to a large extent still at the mercy of
the living and dead. Even the distinction between the living and the dead is a
construct of our mind that is obsessed with categories, dichotomies etc. All
life is based on the dead matter and essential elements. Plants and animals are
dependent on the process by which lichens and roots extract minerals from rock.
</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">And life
has created its own conditions and changed the dead planet into a wonder of
life. The story of extreme growth and the subsequent </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://theconversation.com/rainforest-collapse-in-prehistoric-times-changed-the-course-of-evolution-91289"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">collapse of fern forests</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> during the Carboniferous period is
a tale of that other life forms also can change the planet in ways even more than
humans have ever done. The modern industrial technosphere which underpins the
modern world is based on the dead organic matter from this period. In light of
this we are scavengers, feeding on long dead life turned into lifeless matter. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Are we also
parasites sucking life out all other life on the planet? Listening to some
environmentalists one can certainly get that impression. While there is some
truth in it, it still leads our thoughts in the wrong direction. As William
Cronon says in his essay </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.williamcronon.net/writing/Trouble_with_Wilderness_Main.html"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The Trouble with Wilderness</span></i></a></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">:</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> “ if nature dies because we enter
it, then the only way to save nature is to kill ourselves.” The view that the
planet would be a better place without humans is in some way understandable but
in most ways it is illogical, inhumane and in particular not really actionable.
If we kill ourselves we will also kill nature as we know it, not only because
we will not be there to experience it. Most of the nature we can see and
experience is not wild. Even 12 000 years ago humans had transformed much
of the planet – admittedly not in the same way as we have done the least five
hundred years, but still radically. Most of the nature that people admire is
shaped or at least shared by humans.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Having said
that, it is obvious that humans today harm other life forms and ecosystems in a
negative way. Our species is engineers of ecosystems such as termites, beaver
and elephants. Of course there is a difference in scale and depth of ours
manipulations and there is also this notion of “ownership” or entitlement that
colors so much of human-nature interactions (something we explore at length in
the book). We have no unique “right” to nature’s gifts and the fact that you
“own” a piece of land, as we do, should not give you the right to exploit it.
Still, to live on (and off) the land is what we do, we just have to do it in a
lithe way. Sounds easy, but it isn’t. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The coming
months, I will expand on some of the themes of the book. Probably not too frequently
as spring is slowly arriving, cows are calving, we will be busy with the launch
of the book and associated events, I make a study for the WWF on the use of feed
in Swedish livestock farming and a building project on the farm keeps me quite
busy as well. </span></span></p>
<p><br /><br /></p><p></p>Gunnar Rundgrenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11869055229248959119noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7377497904882186501.post-69635363613691391602023-02-12T10:22:00.002-08:002023-02-12T23:29:24.301-08:00Can the cow and the deer co-exist?<p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Domestic
livestock is not the major cause of loss of wild mammals. </span></span></i></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">We
have all seen it, the graph showing </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1711842115#fig01"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">that just 4% of the world’s mammals, by weight, are
wild</span></a></span><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">; humans
account for 36%, and livestock for the remaining 60%.* It is certainly
deplorable that there are so few wild mammals. Most people using these figures
and probably most people hearing them, draw the conclusion that domestic
livestock has squeezed out wild animals. But that is a far too simplistic conclusion.
This is demonstrated both by large-scale top-down analysis and smaller scale
empirical evidence. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMwgdJtFgYfatxVHaa1zZ5uLMBmJnFDvna0PowBryyMjHEWT4MYgiAmMsfYY4f9ES0wEG_vPbiQ38-uxU-MyIbSvKGkgpuOr0U_gVVpzd9BvmHwN31r51RdQlg30OKJKWbX8l_oQQN1agszOqIbXrATj_Ll-eenvCh_Zb4vhsxqBt5RWaR5G8HIKU7lA/s2339/Global-Taxa-Biomass.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1081" data-original-width="2339" height="185" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMwgdJtFgYfatxVHaa1zZ5uLMBmJnFDvna0PowBryyMjHEWT4MYgiAmMsfYY4f9ES0wEG_vPbiQ38-uxU-MyIbSvKGkgpuOr0U_gVVpzd9BvmHwN31r51RdQlg30OKJKWbX8l_oQQN1agszOqIbXrATj_Ll-eenvCh_Zb4vhsxqBt5RWaR5G8HIKU7lA/w400-h185/Global-Taxa-Biomass.png" width="400" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">To begin with crop lands occupy 1.5 billion hectares
and </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-20406-7"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">around 1.6 billion hectares of grasslands are
effectively grazed by domestic livestock</span></a></span><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. This makes up 3.1 billion hectares out of a total of
14 billion hectares. Excluding barren lands (glaciers, rough mountains)
agriculture occupy “just” one third of total land area (which is of course
already a lot and perhaps too much).** Land-use can affect a bigger area then
it physically occupies, but clearly agriculture, whether cropping or grazing,
can’t be the main reason for why there is so little wild life in the 7 billion
hectares of “habitable” land which are not under agriculture management. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On a temporal scale, the decline of wild mammals often
predates agriculture expansion. This is apparent in the late Pleistocene megafauna
extinction taking place more than 10,000 years ago, well before agriculture and
domestication of livestock. There are still heated arguments over if hunting by
humans or climate change was the main cause, most likely they were combined. </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1502547112"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Some researchers</span></a></span><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> have estimated that the total biomass of herbivores,
approximately a billion large bodied mammals, at that time equaled current biomass
of domestic animals. Regardless of the exact numbers it is apparent that the
total weight of wild mammals shrank considerably by this “event”, and that
mammal wild life hasn’t recovered since. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Finally, </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0704243104"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">by using data for the total global primary
productivity</span></a></span><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (the net
photosynthesis so to say) one can see that of the total net primary production,
humans and their livestock “appropriate” around 20 percent for agriculture
purposes. This is of course bad enough, but it still means that there is
biological space left for many more mammals and other wild life. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">*</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Even if cattle, wheat and corn now grow where bison
previously roamed in North America, I have seen no convincing evidence that
that the extermination of bison was driven by agriculture expansion, but rather
</span><span lang="SV"><a href="http://132.248.10.25/therya/index.php/THERYA/article/view/1112"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">by a combination of hunting, disease and indirect
effects caused by the decline in Native American populations and abilities to
manage the bison herds.</span></a></span><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Obviously, the
enormous expansion of both croplands and ranching in North America would have
collided with a bison herd of 60 million head, sooner or later. But cattle and
bison can co-exist: according to </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4418398/"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a study from Utah</span></a></span><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> there is more competition between cattle and
jackrabbits than between cattle and bison when they share the same
resources.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1502547112"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The massive death of >500 million ungulates in Africa</span></a></span><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> in the late 19<sup>th</sup> century i which both
domestic and (mostly) wild animals were victims was caused by Rinderpest, a
disease brought in by cattle from India. This could in some way be seen as
caused by “agriculture” in a wider sense, even if it was more a function of
humans moving animals around than agriculture as such as domestic cattle
already were all over Africa.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Research in Kenya show a certain level of competition
between cattle and small herbivores but not with bigger herbivores. The </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27935669/"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">researchers suggest</span></a></span><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: “that interactions between livestock and wildlife
are contingent on rainfall and herbivore assemblage and represent a more richly
nuanced set of interactions than the longstanding assertion that cattle simply
compete with (grazing) wildlife”. Studying the populations of domestic cattle
and wild life in Northern Tanzania for 17 years, </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33005359/"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">researchers concluded that</span></a></span><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> while there was a high density of cattle and sheep
and goat “several wildlife species occurred at densities similar (zebra,
wildebeest, waterbuck, Kirk's dik-dik) or possibly even greater (giraffe,
eland, lesser kudu, Grant's gazelle, Thomson's gazelle) than in adjacent
national parks in the same ecosystem.” </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32735578/"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Research from South Africa</span></a></span><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> shows that there is some competition between oribi
antelope and cattle. Cattle facilitate oribi grazing during the wet season
because cattle foraging produced high-quality grass regrowth. Despite this, they
found that “cattle foraging at high densities during the previous wet season
reduced the dry season availability of oribi's preferred grass species.” </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2020.00163/full"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In Sweden the number of wild animals have increased tremendously the
last 200 years.</span></a></span><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> In the mid-19th century there were
just a few hundred roe deer, moose and red deer and now there are around
300,000, 240,000 and 26,000 respectively. Wild boars were exterminated in the
17th century and now there are some 350,000. Beavers were gone by 1870 and now
we have 100,000. Hunting of cranes and swans have just started again as their
numbers are causing problems for farmers. Even the predators are making
comeback. Meanwhile, the number of people, pigs and poultry has increased many
times. The acreage of arable land peaked in 1916 and the number of cattle
increased with 50% from 1866 to its peak 1936, after which it fell back to
levels lower than in the 19<sup>th</sup> century. </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2020.00163/full"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This remarkable comeback of wild life is a result of many factors but
hunting regulation is the most important one.</span></a></span><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6528981/"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Researchers studying the dynamics of domestic and wild herbivores in Norway</span></a></span><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> conclude that total herbivore biomass decreased from 1949 to a minimum
in 1969 due to decreases in livestock biomass. Increasing wild herbivore
populations lead to an increase in total herbivore biomass by 2009. “Declines
in livestock biomass were a modest predictor of wildlife increases, suggesting
that competition with livestock has not been a major limiting factor of wild
herbivore populations over the past decades.” There has been a “notable
rewilding” in Norway. They conclude that “Norwegian herbivores remain mostly
regulated by management”, most notably hunting. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For fisheries and whaling the role of hunting and
overexploitation is even more obvious than for the land living animals. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For sure, there are many cases where the expansion of
farming causes habitat destruction and loss of wild life. </span><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The 2022 global Living Planet Index shows an average 69% decrease in
monitored wildlife populations between 1970 and 2018. </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-021-01542-9"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A team of researchers</span></a></span><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> studied the causes
for threats to 23,271 species, representing all terrestrial amphibians, birds
and mammals. The six major threats were agriculture, hunting and trapping,
logging, pollution, invasive species, and climate change. Their results show “that
agriculture and logging are pervasive in the tropics and that hunting and
trapping is the most geographically widespread threat to mammals and birds.
Additionally, current representations of human pressure underestimate the
overall pressure on biodiversity, due to the exclusion of threats such as
hunting and climate change.” Exactly <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">how </i>agriculture
threatens wild life is not made clear in the study. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The impact of farming depends a lot on the context,
which environment, which species of wildlife and of livestock respectively as
well as management. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">How</i> we farm,
trade and eat is of critical importance: “In short, the impact of food
production on biodiversity arises not from a single fault, but from the nature
of the system as a whole”, </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/2021-02/2021-02-03-food-system-biodiversity-loss-benton-et-al_0.pdf"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">according to a recent report by UNEP, Chatham House and Compassion in
World Farming</span></a></span><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When land is cleared and plowed and converted into
cropland most of the original flora and fauna will vanish from the place and a
few new ones will enter. By and large, crop farming and wild life are no good
mates, so there is quite a direct link between cropland expansion and reduction
in wild life. There are many things farmers can do to make cropping more
biodiversity friendly, but grazing animals, boars and other mammals will not be
welcome in croplands as little as grasshoppers or lice are. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For grasslands the story is quite different. If a
tropical rain forest is razed to provide grazing for cattle, biodiversity and
wild life till be harmed to a very large extent. But most grazing in the world
takes place in lands that have either been natural grasslands or which were
converted (or restored) to semi-natural grasslands since many centuries or
millennia (</span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006320718307456"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">which is the case of many of Europe’s grasslands</span></a></span><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">). Grazing animals can co-exist with many other mammals and the </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0704243104"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">share of primary productivity that humans and their livestock take from
grasslands is much smaller than from croplands</span></a></span><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, where we take almost all. The biggest conflict is with predators even
if there are many examples of how domestic livestock can co-exist with
predators. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Some make the case that domestic livestock, in particular cattle, to
some extent can act as ecological replacement for now-extinct megaherbivores
and that they can maintain landscapes and functions that otherwise would be
lost (see for example </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006320718307456"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">here</span></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span></span><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ece3.5169"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">here</span></a></span><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/6/3347"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">here</span></a></span><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">). <br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPwjef_Yha6sgxIQ0r0IOJxxfyuCoLH0oQ0QeBh2UMMwhUOv_cdBtLMi8uH2a18FBueWpTlYUabxTepfb36Vtu7hJ_gsg3YQc9joBdse-ZIT8QLKHjLjjMfKENr9nuN_gvIYJMtgg0Z5lhHYpO9JqDDyVCf4LAv2JDPdWCk_BaH1Gw6ltScMsxAeuUOg/s3872/DSC_0169.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3872" data-original-width="2592" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPwjef_Yha6sgxIQ0r0IOJxxfyuCoLH0oQ0QeBh2UMMwhUOv_cdBtLMi8uH2a18FBueWpTlYUabxTepfb36Vtu7hJ_gsg3YQc9joBdse-ZIT8QLKHjLjjMfKENr9nuN_gvIYJMtgg0Z5lhHYpO9JqDDyVCf4LAv2JDPdWCk_BaH1Gw6ltScMsxAeuUOg/w268-h400/DSC_0169.JPG" width="268" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">One of our cows in our silvo-pastoral lands. Photo: Gunnar Rundgren.<br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There are, obviously, many things farmers can do to protect
and promote wildlife. But that would be the subject of another set of articles.
You can find some examples <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/aug/03/nature-friendly-farming-does-not-reduce-productivity-study-finds">here</a>
and <a href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/projects/sustainable-ranching-initiative">here</a>. </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">F</span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">or sure, the cow and the deer can easily co-exist. On our farm, there is plenty of wild-life co-existing with our small herd of five mother cows. There are deer, elk, boars, fox,</span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> voles, fox, the occassional lynx</span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> a huge number of birds including flocks of gees, cranes. In the grassland they all thrive and do little harm, in my field of vegetables, I chase them away. <br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">*Interestingly, the weight of
arthropods is ten times more than the weight of livestock and the weight of all
the organisms in a living soil is much higher than any animals grazing on the
land.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">** Many quote considerably higher
numbers, e.g. </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/land-use"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Our world in data</span></a></span><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. They classify almost all global grasslands as
grazing area for domestic livestock, but that is simply not correct. It is only
a minor part of the grasslands that are actually grazed. For a detailed
analysis see the supplement of </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-20406-7"><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Climate warming from managed grasslands cancels the
cooling effect of carbon sinks in sparsely grazed and natural grasslands</span></a></span><span face=""Verdana",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> by Jinfeng Chang et al (2021). </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></p>Gunnar Rundgrenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11869055229248959119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7377497904882186501.post-19068218707209053092023-02-03T02:53:00.000-08:002023-02-03T02:53:47.338-08:00Food: away from the market into the civil sphere<p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In <a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2023/01/the-agriculture-treadmill-eliminates.html">my
last article</a> I explained how the agriculture treadmill works. As long as
there is an underlying overproduction of agriculture commodities, agriculture
will never be profitable in the normal meaning of the word. One agriculture
economist in Sweden claimed that, because of this, prices of agriculture
commodities are mainly determined by how cheaply farmers are ready to work.
This is also reflected in the mostly bad conditions for farm workers. </span></span>
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">There are, of course,
individual examples of farmers who can make a profit. As the treadmill theory
points out, pioneers in adoption of new technology can often benefit for a
while, but they will have to continue to be in the forefront year after year. There
are also risks with being the earliest adopter, as technologies might not yet
be perfected or even dysfunctional. More often it is better to stand in the
second line. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Another strategy is to
avoid “<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24135986">commodity hell</a>” A
version of this is to go for a special niche in the market. It can be a new
crop or a new production concept. Many years ago our farm was the first to
cultivate daikon radishes on a semi commercial scale in Sweden. We grew
thousand square meters, got a bumper crop and very good prices when we shipped
them to the market in Stockholm. Next year we sowed three thousand square
meters. But with that we saturated the market and had to lower the price and
still ended up throwing away half of the crop. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">We were also very
early organic farmers, starting in 1977. At that time, organic farming was seen
as a promise for small farmers in less favored areas. From 1983 onwards we
developed organic sales to supermarkets through a cooperative (which we
managed) which had mostly small growers as members. We expanded and at the peak
years (late 1990s and early 2000s) we grew vegetables on around 7 hectares. It
was hard work but it was also – kind of – profitable. Over the years, more and
bigger farms converted to organic. Around 20 percent of the Swedish arable land
is now organically managed and organic farms have an average size bigger than
conventional. Imports also started to flow (Swedish vegetable production in
general has a hard time competing with imports from countries with better
climate and lower labor costs) and the prices of our crops were lower in the year
2000 than in 1980, while the value of the money was halved at the same time.
Gradually the farm changed focus back into more local marketing. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Daikon radishes and organic
farming are both good – but neither is a recipe for commercial success. Organic
farming is certainly much better than conventional but it is no savior of small
farms. As a matter of fact, the high costs for certification (for which I am
very much to blame as being one of the pioneers in the organic certification
business...), which is nowadays an integral part of the organic market, is
proportionally a much bigger burden for small farms and the bureaucracy
involved in compliance procedure also discriminate against small farms. The
spread and success of organic also lead to a </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01448765.2016.1174884"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">conventionalization of organic producers</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> with less diverse production as a result.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Research in Brazil and
Italy <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/16/6580">concludes that</a> ”
there was a significant and positive correlation between the crop richness
index and the share of farm sales through alternative food networks.” But the
researchers also pointed out that: ”proximity to densely populated areas is a
necessary precondition for the development of the short food supply chains
needed to stimulate the diversification of organic agriculture.” While I am
certain that there are more possibilities for those living close to cities I am
not convinced that this statement holds as a general rule in the long run. It
is quite possible that local rural people will participate in alternative food
chains. If the distance to major market hubs is great, the pressure of competition
is much lower and potential customers may not have so many alternatives. In
addition, peripheral areas are much more likely to engage in the “informal
economy”. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Just a week ago, I
visited farms in the region och Waginger See in Bavaria, not a densely
populated area after continental European standards. Most of the organic farms
I visited had a diversified production oriented to the local market. The one
with the most diverse production was also a </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://urgenci.net/our-guiding-priciples/"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">community supported agriculture</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> farm, in German called </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.solidarische-landwirtschaft.org/startseite"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Solidarische Lantwirtschaft</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. This farm, </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.solidarische-landwirtschaft.com/solidarische-landwirtschaft"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Blümlhof</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> grows all kinds of vegetables and fruits, rye
and dinkelwheat and has sheep cows, donkey, pigs, bees, chicken, horses and
what not. They are three families working together and have some 50 “co-farmers”
as they call the members of the CSA. Those commit 160 euro per month for a year
at the time. For that they can take as much as they want of the harvest, the
milk, the meat, the honey and the eggs pending availability of course,
following the old principle “to each according to their needs”. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqHEa3DKlvxZC8yCo1WCmgZPTWQuwhzJD8axtoalGry-VKuDhwL6uiAU317dwM_35JLC3tc1oliueVWtmDxRKbsdBpvA00E170kvbR0wW3Yra9nJAW3AuESA_UwwiHjgjjEGEy5cpw_1VOt8DL23xc4QuCxyfZNjsAWCtnycQupfndaTEoLLK2rAF4/s6000/Hubert%20o%20Elke%20Hochreiter.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4000" data-original-width="6000" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqHEa3DKlvxZC8yCo1WCmgZPTWQuwhzJD8axtoalGry-VKuDhwL6uiAU317dwM_35JLC3tc1oliueVWtmDxRKbsdBpvA00E170kvbR0wW3Yra9nJAW3AuESA_UwwiHjgjjEGEy5cpw_1VOt8DL23xc4QuCxyfZNjsAWCtnycQupfndaTEoLLK2rAF4/w400-h266/Hubert%20o%20Elke%20Hochreiter.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Elke and Hubert Hochreiter at Blümlhof, photo: Gunnar Rundgren</span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This kind of
consumer-producer relations are based on cooperation and joint values and not
on commodities and transactions. <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10806-015-9590-7">Food is not,
should not, primarily be seen as a commodity to be bought or sold.</a> To a
large extent food is an expression of culture, solidarity and connectedness
with the land. Food is also a human right. This also means that food takes the
central stage in efforts to transform society. <a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2018/09/competition-not-consumption-drives.html">The
main path towards true sustainability therefore lies in considerable changes in
the market – or even more to develop distribution outside of what is normally
called a market</a>.* </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXxSqXF54ItpEN4Yuw579TJT1iGpfRo0dRz4aiXJ-_z-oI_aT1REgZvkqSL_d6YFPnN2IhVsKORlTZD_kba6oRRO-_yqVArao1aXo6jgwMjesJc_zRw4eplWGC151_s54U9ppuVN2t_J8jDZsni1Qe-xwrbPy8fYQml5WVpG0xo1cgBxObWFIEn9iG/s2048/20210726_200332.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1152" data-original-width="2048" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXxSqXF54ItpEN4Yuw579TJT1iGpfRo0dRz4aiXJ-_z-oI_aT1REgZvkqSL_d6YFPnN2IhVsKORlTZD_kba6oRRO-_yqVArao1aXo6jgwMjesJc_zRw4eplWGC151_s54U9ppuVN2t_J8jDZsni1Qe-xwrbPy8fYQml5WVpG0xo1cgBxObWFIEn9iG/w400-h225/20210726_200332.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Pickling cucumbers and preparing tomatoes for drying, photo:Gunnar Rundgren</span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">There is not one
single solution, but many. Increasing self-sufficiency in food and food
preparation is another important step in changing our relationship to food.
Growing, preserving, preparing, cooking and eating, taking care of the
leftovers and waste of our food gives us control over a bigger share of our
lives and at the same time, pulls a big chunk of the real economy out of
market, away from competition and from the profit and machinations of
corporations as well as the – often well intended but nevertheless stifling - <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>meddling by governments. Growing, storing and preparing food, cooking and eating together with others is important parts of building a community. Even from an evolutionary perspective these are essential elements of being human and cornerstones of human cultures. <br /></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">* I will not delve
deeper into what a market is and what it is. Suffice to say that a transaction
that involves money isn’t necessary a market transaction and that a market has
to have a certain level of competition and choice in order to qualify as a
market, in my view. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Admittedly, there is
no straight-forward definition of what constitutes a market. </span></span></p>
<p></p>Gunnar Rundgrenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11869055229248959119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7377497904882186501.post-29557486008546408072023-01-18T08:21:00.006-08:002023-02-01T10:52:43.276-08:00The agriculture treadmill eliminates both farmers and profit<p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><!--[if !mso]>
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<![endif]--></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Despite enormous increase in productivity,
farming is in general not profitable and the strategy of international
competitiveness that dominates the farm sector in many countries is doomed to
lead to ever decreasing profits and ever decreasing number of farmers. </span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">This
article draws on the four number-crunching articles posted here the last month
and adds some analysis, particularly economic. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The
development of productivity in farming is mind-boggling. 200 years ago the time
spent to harvest and thresh one ton of grain was around 30 workdays. The job is
now done in five minutes with a modern combine harvester – and John Deere X9
actually can harvest up to 100 ton in one hour if conditions are optimal. Not
only has work productivity increased a lot, the yield per area unit has
increased as well. As demonstrated </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2022/11/food-and-agriculture-number-crunching.html"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">here</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">, world agriculture output of crops,
measured in tons, has increased with 268% since 1961. The population increased
with 151%, i.e. the production per person increased with 43%. This has been
accomplished with an increase in cropping area with “just” 20 percent. The work
force increased until 2003 when it amounted to 1.06 billion people, but after
that it dropped considerably and is </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2023/01/agriculture-productivity-food-and.html"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">now around 0.84 billion</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">In high
income countries, the agriculture work force dropped from 66 million persons
1961 to just 16 million 2020, i.e. three out of four farm jobs have
disappeared, most of them being farmers. Meanwhile the output doubled, which
means that value per person employed increased 700 percent. Still farming is
not a very profitable venture in most countries. There are always some
exceptions to this rule either as a result of a specific policy environment or
as a result of some individual farmer being superior managers or business
people, or just happen to be in a sweet spot at the right time. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Looking a
bit closer on Sweden, my home country, we can see that the share of the GDP
originating in farming has shrunk from above 6% to just 0.4% in seventy years
and that the total contribution to the GDP (i.e. value added in production) has
dropped considerably. Value has dropped despite the fact that total output in
volume has increased, roughly by 10%. </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEzOx8EM7z5Ne2XZTc2itG5hExhCNwmUFk5x85BqdbJ3EsTh-sJWMa-56XelG4xeKnZlAYass_TwawoLKd-OR7YVYJYy75fX8pifbGMorEsxFBNG4FSNV1Uzitl0z1y8m7yb96nJr8QoIcFXzBmCCz734XCkkMtqwQ_f5HtZCRTYjUW2MbvhLH07ow/s583/ag%20sweden%20share%20and%20contribution%20to%20gdp2.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="362" data-original-width="583" height="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEzOx8EM7z5Ne2XZTc2itG5hExhCNwmUFk5x85BqdbJ3EsTh-sJWMa-56XelG4xeKnZlAYass_TwawoLKd-OR7YVYJYy75fX8pifbGMorEsxFBNG4FSNV1Uzitl0z1y8m7yb96nJr8QoIcFXzBmCCz734XCkkMtqwQ_f5HtZCRTYjUW2MbvhLH07ow/w400-h249/ag%20sweden%20share%20and%20contribution%20to%20gdp2.png" width="400" /></a></span></span><span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> <br /></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Looking at
the situation from a farm business perspective, the overall picture shows a
remarkable shift around 1990. Until then, Sweden pursued a policy of self-sufficiency
through a combination of tariffs and support. That was abolished in the end of
the 1980s and was followed by EU membership in 1995. That increased competition
a lot and prices dropped. The situation has improved a bit but profitability is
still very low as prices of inputs used have also increased. The net farm
income corresponds more or less to the subsidies through the EU Common
Agriculture Policy. </span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIdxhX5ogwkQMOPMjF_OjTMm69DtmxB4DZGeC7TLvCClZSMIK0J1k_ynf7s6HHaHhQc9hJYTmOL1zfDPt2M_JOAn86T4N85Hn_CDAAFMpV79cA6ijbH47j5Bzgak-f39lmeDfXwX6G5NaaPuLKwl68IsO62V4SwloCywMxg3hYJqd0wmBg9nfL3ywy/s541/ag%20development%20Sweden.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="410" data-original-width="541" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIdxhX5ogwkQMOPMjF_OjTMm69DtmxB4DZGeC7TLvCClZSMIK0J1k_ynf7s6HHaHhQc9hJYTmOL1zfDPt2M_JOAn86T4N85Hn_CDAAFMpV79cA6ijbH47j5Bzgak-f39lmeDfXwX6G5NaaPuLKwl68IsO62V4SwloCywMxg3hYJqd0wmBg9nfL3ywy/w400-h304/ag%20development%20Sweden.png" width="400" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The
development in Sweden and other high-income countries confirms the accuracy of
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">agricultural treadmill</b> as
observed by the American agricultural economist, Willard W. Cochrane. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The agricultural
treadmill begins to spin when new technology is developed and implemented by pioneering
farmers. These early adopters gain an economic advantage from the new
technology, because they can produce at lower costs at unchanged selling
prices. As more and more farmers use the new technology, production increases
and prices fall, however. The economic advantage gained by early adopters
disappears as it is offset by falling prices. This is then repeated again,
again and again. The early adopters may be profitable for a while, but they have
to continually innovate to remain that. The laggards park their tractors for
good and the big majority of farms live on rust and rot (as we say in Swedish
meaning they can’t afford to re-invest in their farms, just making ends meet a
year at the time). </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Ironically
it is not even countered by subsidies as they lead to lower prices or higher
land prices or any combination of them. For the farm sector as a whole there is
actually little point in all that innovation and increase of productivity as it
is the buyers and consumers that will reap the benefits and not the farmers as
a collective. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /></span>Gunnar Rundgrenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11869055229248959119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7377497904882186501.post-68094958013821384592023-01-13T05:28:00.002-08:002023-01-13T05:28:37.221-08:00Agriculture productivity - Food and agriculture number crunching, part 4<p><!--[if !mso]>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<![endif]--></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span style="line-height: 107%;">This is the fourth of
a series of articles about the developments of the global food system, the
first one is </span></i><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2022/11/food-and-agriculture-number-crunching.html" target="_blank"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 107%;">here</span></i></a></span><i><span style="line-height: 107%;">, the second </span></i><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2022/12/food-and-agriculture-number-crunching.html" target="_blank"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 107%;">here</span></i></a></span><i><span style="line-height: 107%;"> and the third </span></i><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2022/12/food-and-agriculture-number-crunching_30.html"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 107%;">here</span></i></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><i><span style="line-height: 107%;">. </span></i></span><i><span style="line-height: 107%;">The
three previous articles were based on the FAO database. This one is mainly
based on the USDA Economic Research Services data on agriculture productivity.</span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span style="line-height: 107%;">Dramatic growth in output
with a dramatic increase in fertilizers</span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">
</span><span style="line-height: 107%;"></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaA9p5zUw2FlHJaMfDjAsQuDU-B04E7gBe98JI41H4O4cFumPBKKjUj_G8kUvZi5OWIANBDKAUQgkgBDHFlx1JpYlNVDSZGBWI_Y8__tELmGBu90mTHxt6Y4eVwMD6X6ciESe48LFZi1vocXQoFl0ZGLc2yIWzU1AFH-cdPInwhmKfz-npumdl11iW/s777/Output%20world.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="496" data-original-width="777" height="204" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaA9p5zUw2FlHJaMfDjAsQuDU-B04E7gBe98JI41H4O4cFumPBKKjUj_G8kUvZi5OWIANBDKAUQgkgBDHFlx1JpYlNVDSZGBWI_Y8__tELmGBu90mTHxt6Y4eVwMD6X6ciESe48LFZi1vocXQoFl0ZGLc2yIWzU1AFH-cdPInwhmKfz-npumdl11iW/w320-h204/Output%20world.png" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><br />The
graph shows the development of some key factors in the global agriculture
system. Crop output (measured in value) has increased with 282 percent and
livestock output (value) with 243 percent (<span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2022/11/food-and-agriculture-number-crunching.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 107%;">this can be compared with
the output in weight which was 268 percent for crops and 206 percent for
livestock products</span></a></span><span style="line-height: 107%;">). To produce this the use of machinery increased with 444 percent,
fertilizers with 338 percent, capital with 245 percent, irrigated area with134
percent, labor with 28 percent while cropland area increased with 20 percent
and pasture area with a mere 2 percent.* The increase in the use of fertilizers
has slowed down a bit with a remarkable drop in the end of the 1980s, which has
to do with the collapse of the Soviet Union and its satellite states. Fertilizers were subsidized and used indiscriminately. </span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWbqKt0buD-kcREqEx5T0PMSZOsN9ajj4DVaNJ2cePl8cWwtwOnlIMJ9ndU9e0zm1Pqo611MKjm6TXdB4herhRX5CDXbYfaK32jRCJ8S7AQ5BBNSEgH_5F4zFSiB-NbSlihuf7Ozy72TguopPcIIdMQsnw2R_dTUH31-j1xCIGb3YkTlzlX8NBb8um/s481/output%20and%20fertilizers.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="289" data-original-width="481" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWbqKt0buD-kcREqEx5T0PMSZOsN9ajj4DVaNJ2cePl8cWwtwOnlIMJ9ndU9e0zm1Pqo611MKjm6TXdB4herhRX5CDXbYfaK32jRCJ8S7AQ5BBNSEgH_5F4zFSiB-NbSlihuf7Ozy72TguopPcIIdMQsnw2R_dTUH31-j1xCIGb3YkTlzlX8NBb8um/s320/output%20and%20fertilizers.png" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><br />As time goes farmers
have learnt to use fertilizers more efficiently, but there are limits to how
much fertilizer use efficiency can increase. It has reached a plateau in the
countries that has used fertilizers for a long time. </span><p></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">
</span><span style="line-height: 107%;"></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Irrigation
and fertilizers have clearly increased yields tremendously. Irrigation in arid
climates may mean very high increase in productivity as well as multiple annual
crops. </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29627648/"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 107%;">In the Mekong delta farmers
reportedly take three rice crops per year</span></a></span><span style="line-height: 107%;">.</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">In
addition to the factors in the graph there are of course others which may
increase output, such as the use of pesticides, improved varieties, biological
nitrogen fixation, improved crop rotations and general management issues such
as a better conversion of feed. As human labor is costly, the huge increase of
machinery and capital at the expense of labor is quite logical in a market economy.
The use of machinery is, however, more about saving labor than increasing output.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span style="line-height: 107%;">Regional differences</span></b></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">The
data above are all global. It becomes a lot more interesting when data is
differentiated into groups of countries based on GDP. </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrTLAIdNYW1t3t_0DObhoBBVDyjvuw44H3yWJufZ9SXN2vpT_S785dhBiM1PKkW8cWkrPjpX7by5OU_yVcXeZyXMmYPqTy9smuJ6fPYb_XiBl0esQ3cVMm_lA9SuFF6pzwjWRhFBRSGG7Khn58S9U0dPXdOc_dfZjovfbYFx2Dxs5lT_90M_qL8QvH/s777/Output%20world.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="496" data-original-width="777" height="204" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrTLAIdNYW1t3t_0DObhoBBVDyjvuw44H3yWJufZ9SXN2vpT_S785dhBiM1PKkW8cWkrPjpX7by5OU_yVcXeZyXMmYPqTy9smuJ6fPYb_XiBl0esQ3cVMm_lA9SuFF6pzwjWRhFBRSGG7Khn58S9U0dPXdOc_dfZjovfbYFx2Dxs5lT_90M_qL8QvH/s320/Output%20world.png" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><br />The
most remarkable development when it comes to output is in China, where output
has increased almost 1000 percent. The output in China was accomplished with a
small increase in cropland area and no increased use of labor but with a
tremendous increase in the use of fertilizers. This was from a very low level,
2.3 million tons which went to 49.9 million tons. Chinese farmers now use 22%
of all fertilizers in the world. Increase in the use of machinery was even
higher, although I doubt the accuracy of the data for machinery, especially for
China (see more below). </span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMLW4ht2b6AQ5vjJrRwWNbQ2Ft0dGDS9hMgk_bEx706RDbAHjZU0_mv6tbFabNQQVFcLSGN2HnCjPe-o_yRYvMAuMOIlGoPb9zopQyIDhiHLSflU-F4qbdpknplm15_u7UCvDIu7NKRPMYoeCje66TPCtOjxnU-j_7yb5cFtc0X_s83dCIw5tpHOTK/s700/China.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="427" data-original-width="700" height="195" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMLW4ht2b6AQ5vjJrRwWNbQ2Ft0dGDS9hMgk_bEx706RDbAHjZU0_mv6tbFabNQQVFcLSGN2HnCjPe-o_yRYvMAuMOIlGoPb9zopQyIDhiHLSflU-F4qbdpknplm15_u7UCvDIu7NKRPMYoeCje66TPCtOjxnU-j_7yb5cFtc0X_s83dCIw5tpHOTK/s320/China.png" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><br /> </span><p></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">
</span><span style="line-height: 107%;"></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">The
deployment of labor is very different in poor countries compared to the rich
ones. In high-income countries the labor deployed is only 24 % of the value for
1961 while in low-income countries labor use has increased 3 times. The large
middle group shows a pattern where agriculture labor first increased and then
started to decrease reflecting an agricultural transition which already
occurred 100 years ago or more in the high-income countries. Notably
“low-income” countries as a category is defined as per their situation today. </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://datatopics.worldbank.org/world-development-indicators/stories/the-classification-of-countries-by-income.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 107%;">Just since 2003, the number
of low-income countries has nearly halved, declining from 66 to 31 in 2019</span></a></span><span style="line-height: 107%;"> which means that the graph
can be somewhat misleading. </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcyxYtrKW5xTR-XalCs5HXdXJkWp1LTerTRKWn0myxJUxafQ6GD8LNb49k5nDQM4Cr3KY_u7E9_DPCm8Vq7p3JKycqSoahkcWzWlkjjgbO2RRHC2YBLG-j3Ul4KvadmXgtq3jGO1tjhPewF4eITUSDdwACyK3_ZO9CmwkdtFDre1khA__zpTYcCsaf/s770/labor%20world.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="406" data-original-width="770" height="169" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcyxYtrKW5xTR-XalCs5HXdXJkWp1LTerTRKWn0myxJUxafQ6GD8LNb49k5nDQM4Cr3KY_u7E9_DPCm8Vq7p3JKycqSoahkcWzWlkjjgbO2RRHC2YBLG-j3Ul4KvadmXgtq3jGO1tjhPewF4eITUSDdwACyK3_ZO9CmwkdtFDre1khA__zpTYcCsaf/s320/labor%20world.png" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><br /> </span><p></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">
</span><span style="line-height: 107%;"></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">In
total some 850 million people are working in agriculture globally of which more
than half in lower-middle income countries (e.g. India, Indonesia, Kenya) and
just 16 million in high income countries.</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzH8ImF81GMDP6SXiRLFuXgSeDXBLICWhxD6KWMySxXawpw6oE05r5FekTRUdU1qoX1uQPZuRm4ZE3gWEOih3gbfIUQtRuyQaD12s5NJs-fxCzmQy0qHk9iNgEraAK5Fa2amECoBu4g28SnmobGOH7Dm0vv1y_p-MbsbNXnr12AbQ-GMj6khBaCzX0/s485/Number%20of%20people%20in%20agriculture.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="326" data-original-width="485" height="215" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzH8ImF81GMDP6SXiRLFuXgSeDXBLICWhxD6KWMySxXawpw6oE05r5FekTRUdU1qoX1uQPZuRm4ZE3gWEOih3gbfIUQtRuyQaD12s5NJs-fxCzmQy0qHk9iNgEraAK5Fa2amECoBu4g28SnmobGOH7Dm0vv1y_p-MbsbNXnr12AbQ-GMj6khBaCzX0/s320/Number%20of%20people%20in%20agriculture.png" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><br />We see an even more
dramatic picture if we study the value produced per labor unit (in this case a person
primarily employed in agriculture). In 1961 output value per employee in
agriculture was 10 times higher in high-income countries compared to low-income
countries. In 2020 it is 58 times higher. The gross annual income generated by one
person in low income countries in average just above US$ 1000, the net income
is obviously much lower. The gap has also increased between middle income
countries and high-income countries. <span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2016/06/food-trading-away-our-future-part-iii.html"><span lang="EN-US">One really wonder if it possible for
low-income countries to develop their agriculture sectors if they are exposed
to competition from the other countries.</span></a></span><span> There is certainly a limit to how cheaply one
can work. Note that many people in the agriculture sector are “underemployed”,
i.e. even if their primary occupation is in farming, they don’t do a full time
job there. Others are of course working a lot more than a full time job. My
guesstimate, based on my work in low-income countries, is that many people
there are subsistence farmers who often seek casual employment here and there.<span> </span></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihJNnnB5jxbPnYQCUzh_vt3Nk7wIa9C-io6Rk5UKMszDS_MSzSzvgSiez25swZHUBKhxO4dimzfB-gHn7FGv-Rj0aiJbFqlAgSFaGMo5m60rLuI62qyX3UhpVjIvQIBFr5KaQWSlh8ezCvVG_givd4W6mRFW_kFf3noMjXFLsZkzfpysGBaJp5CqDF/s1038/output%20per%20personnew.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="675" data-original-width="1038" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihJNnnB5jxbPnYQCUzh_vt3Nk7wIa9C-io6Rk5UKMszDS_MSzSzvgSiez25swZHUBKhxO4dimzfB-gHn7FGv-Rj0aiJbFqlAgSFaGMo5m60rLuI62qyX3UhpVjIvQIBFr5KaQWSlh8ezCvVG_givd4W6mRFW_kFf3noMjXFLsZkzfpysGBaJp5CqDF/s320/output%20per%20personnew.png" width="320" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><span></span>Obviously, there is a
connection between the use of machinery and the use of labor, where machinery
use is very low in low-income countries. The data from USDA ERS doesn’t seem to
be sufficiently accurate on a country level to allow for meaningful comparisons
though, especially when it comes to China, which according to their data alone commands
almost 50% of all agriculture machinery in the world. The use of machinery,
according to USDA ERS, corresponds to 35 hp per person employed in high income
countries, 3 hp per person in upper middle income and just 0.06 hp per person
in low income countries (less than 1/500 of the high income countries). Even if
the data is shaky it gives you an idea of the enormous gap between rich and
poor countries. </span><p></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <br /></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>* Explanation of the
categories</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 862px;">
<tbody><tr style="height: 14.4pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 14.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 163.05pt;" valign="top" width="272">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Output (total)</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 14.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 354.35pt;" valign="top" width="591">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Gross Value of agricultural output from crops,
livestock and aquaculture, $1000 at constant 2015 prices</span></span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 14.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 163.05pt;" valign="top" width="272">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Output (crop)</span></span></span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 14.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 354.35pt;" valign="top" width="591">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Gross value of 162 crop commodities, $1000 at
constant 2015 global average farmgate price</span></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Output (animal)</span></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Gross value of 30 animal and insect products, $1000
at constant 2015 global average farmgate price</span></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Cropland</span></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Total cropland (including arable land and land in
permanent crops), 1000 hectares</span></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Irrigation</span></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Total area equipped for irrigation, 1000 hectares</span></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Pasture</span></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Total area in permanent pasture, 1000 hectares</span></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Labor</span></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Number of economically active adults (male &
female) primarily employed in agriculture, 1000 persons</span></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Capital</span></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Value of net capital stock, $1000 at constant 2015
prices</span></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Machinery</span></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Farm inventories of farm machinery, measured in
thousands of metric horsepower (1000 CV) in tractors, combine-threshers, and
milking machines</span></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Materials</span></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Index of crop and animal intermediate inputs,
2015=100</span></span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Fertilizer</span></span></span></p>
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<td nowrap="" style="height: 14.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 354.35pt;" valign="top" width="591">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Total N, P2O5, K2O nutrients from inorganic
fertilizers and N from organic fertilizers applied to soils, in 1000 metric
tons</span></span></span></p>
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</tbody></table><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> </span></span></span></p>
<p></p>Gunnar Rundgrenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11869055229248959119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7377497904882186501.post-9995131002179456932022-12-30T10:02:00.001-08:002023-01-02T00:30:29.416-08:00Food and agriculture number crunching, part 3<p><!--[if !mso]>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Coming closer to consumption</span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>(this is the third of a series of articles about the developments of the global food system, the first one is <a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2022/11/food-and-agriculture-number-crunching.html" target="_blank">here</a> and the second <a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2022/12/food-and-agriculture-number-crunching.html" target="_blank">here</a>)</i></span> </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Almost
3,000 kcal per person per day <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">is made
available</i> for consumers, who "need" in the range of 2,100 kcal
per person per day. “Made available” should be understood as carried from the
shop (if you are a consumer in a market society), brought into the household
from your farm (if you are a self-sufficient homesteader, or the raw materials
used in a restaurant (if you eat out). Of the difference food waste and </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2022/01/to-waste-or-to-waist.html"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">metabolic food waste</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> (causing obesity) probably
contribute in a similar way (i.e. people waste >400 kcal per day and eat 400
kcal "too much" in average). </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><br /></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB2XSYvGpKkBHeAuqw5KCFm7GkyBPllajTaKnBqU6HkvTTlHSsPM9wb6ue8Vz_fXdf4iUq29G6Ll8PSYPmIW0wTrKEg9hQXkxNf4fLq-6-5hj15C6gwDq7zUByGwmBhZuwSrYwwTMuQnqz8hebCVwfZ4mZX6T-FOvGiKIXiY8bihiAFjbdh6YGerYj/s481/kcal%20made%20available.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="269" data-original-width="481" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB2XSYvGpKkBHeAuqw5KCFm7GkyBPllajTaKnBqU6HkvTTlHSsPM9wb6ue8Vz_fXdf4iUq29G6Ll8PSYPmIW0wTrKEg9hQXkxNf4fLq-6-5hj15C6gwDq7zUByGwmBhZuwSrYwwTMuQnqz8hebCVwfZ4mZX6T-FOvGiKIXiY8bihiAFjbdh6YGerYj/w400-h224/kcal%20made%20available.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">The graph
above shows what is made available as food. Now let’s look at the total output
of crop production and compare that with what is made available as food. Now we
stick only to crops and leave out animal foods. I’ll come back to the animal
foods in the end. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQJx1c8nFUxdJdFUTcV3eNW97HiIXV23q-00vcYAtDwTneUjW0TdXVQ6YxU5EyVrcqeYp0vgqVU3BbYsExHd1SdMSfh4u9AfYF8Z_0Ms-tIhHlwhfs7zLlUOv6rA4HO2rbTsJFpzQ0nwC8Nmx5MWLPbTsN2ljBmtdKgIOIQX8Oy0VXSqFAPSvQAs45/s883/gross%20agriculture%20production.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="306" data-original-width="883" height="139" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQJx1c8nFUxdJdFUTcV3eNW97HiIXV23q-00vcYAtDwTneUjW0TdXVQ6YxU5EyVrcqeYp0vgqVU3BbYsExHd1SdMSfh4u9AfYF8Z_0Ms-tIhHlwhfs7zLlUOv6rA4HO2rbTsJFpzQ0nwC8Nmx5MWLPbTsN2ljBmtdKgIOIQX8Oy0VXSqFAPSvQAs45/w400-h139/gross%20agriculture%20production.png" width="400" /></a></div>The gross
crop output in energy per capita increased from 4,528 kcal 1961 to 7,619 kcal
2020, an increase with 68 percent. The biggest increase came from oilcrops
while the total contribution is still dominated by cereals. The gross output is
2.5 times bigger than what is made available to humans. One could be tempted to
claim that we could feed 20 billion people on the vegan diet. But then humans
can’t really <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">eat </i>all those crops even
if they wanted to. Many crops have a theoretical energy content which is quite
different from the edible energy content. Oil crops like rape seed and
sunflower could theoretically be edible directly, but in reality humans consume
the oil directly and while the seed cake is fed to animals. The same goes for
many grains where one can calculate the energy harvest based on the full
kernels but most wheat is consumed as white flour, which is just around 80% of
the wheat kernel (<span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2022/12/food-and-agriculture-number-crunching.html"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">I elaborated on this in my previous
article).</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span><p></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Of the
gross output in weight 6% is lost in the production, trade and processing, not
including consumer waste, 2% is used as seed, 14% is used directly as feed, 37%
is processed into various products such as biofuel, beer, spirits, candy,
cosmetics, starch, biodegradable plastics, cotton, vegetable oil and sugar – of
which biofuels, vegetable oil and sugar are most important. Much of the
leftovers are used as feed (more about that <a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2017/11/are-pigs-eating-our-food.html">here</a>
and <a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2022/12/food-and-agriculture-number-crunching.html">here</a>),
a lot is used as fuel (e.g. the leftovers from the sugar cane processing) and
41% is used as food. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXMAwBdGin13WQePsb1l2avFv44zQGvimL4mhhQZXL9JuPq4ulntmz3_wNLE1hexXiZg50cMgddqtuInfmX5_t2HIZ6udoDzo5TTjs9UME6Jn2ccC74dvIkMSmiUHvBOjd0aex__g_K8qCdaGR0twA3uoTpt-tQL6AfIraEiHdcsk6el5HXph09-UM/s789/global%20food%20from%20agriculture.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="516" data-original-width="789" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXMAwBdGin13WQePsb1l2avFv44zQGvimL4mhhQZXL9JuPq4ulntmz3_wNLE1hexXiZg50cMgddqtuInfmX5_t2HIZ6udoDzo5TTjs9UME6Jn2ccC74dvIkMSmiUHvBOjd0aex__g_K8qCdaGR0twA3uoTpt-tQL6AfIraEiHdcsk6el5HXph09-UM/w400-h261/global%20food%20from%20agriculture.png" width="400" /></a></div><br />In the end we
get a supply of 2,837 kcal per capita from crops (82%) and animal products
(18%), not including marine foods and beverages. It is also quite notable that
despite all the fuzz about consumption of animal products they contribute
around 18% of the calories 2020 compared to 17% 1961. The "enormous
increase in meat consumption" is caused by three factors: population
growth explains half of the increase, and the increase of food consumption in
general one quarter and actual increase in share of meat the last quarter.<p></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">In my next
article in this series I will discuss how the enormous increase in production
has been possible. </span></span></p>
<p></p>Gunnar Rundgrenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11869055229248959119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7377497904882186501.post-20933025767912953922022-12-15T05:24:00.003-08:002022-12-15T05:24:34.748-08:00Food and agriculture number crunching, part 2<p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>(this is the second of a series of articles about the developments of the global food system, the first one is <a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2022/11/food-and-agriculture-number-crunching.html" target="_blank">here</a>)</i></span> <br /></span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Perhaps you have seen
the movie <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unforgiven" target="_blank">Unforgiven</a> </i>where Clint
Eastwood is a retired gunman that raise pigs. Why did he raise pigs? When the
prairies were plowed and sowed the result was a huge oversupply of grain and
plunging prices. In many cases it was not even possible to ship it to the
market because transport was very expensive if you lived far from the railroad.
The economic response was to convert grain to a higher valued commodity - pigs.
“Pigs became known as “cornfields on legs,” because you could feed your corn to
pigs and then walk the pigs to markets that might be a thousand miles away”
says Cynthia Clampit </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://fooditor.com/story-how-midwest-won-pigs/"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">in an interview</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> about her book <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pigs, Pork, and Heartland Hogs</i>. </span></span>
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Feedlots use grain to
feed cattle and industrial chicken and pig production is based on grain and
soy. This has caused the amount of grain fed to livestock to increase with 250%
since 1961. The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">share</i> of the global cereal
output that is devoted to animal production has, however, not increased at all in
the same period. Both people and animals consume more cereals and the
proportion between the two uses remained almost constant the last sixty years.
In 1961, 49% of the cereals were used as food and 36% as feed, in 2019, 45% and
33% respectively. Expressed per capita use as food went from 127 kg per person
per year to 174 kg and as feed from 93kg to 129kg.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYaYJRX2gCCk1ZgoTmVALaOxf4iGs5RsiUq8Q1r_pCeDbiERYQVNb0g1B9jgM6SdRhA4KwKVDQUrmosRZlhgfC9gjP_ZcWMDran4TxgY1MlKwzZD8zfcLEujVSMsVomCjNkNpXPaWZaXrfGBc7Rlx_GcmdKbNV45knYt2nAJD-rIra7AxEvmKIZ09x/s1514/use%20of%20cereals.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1092" data-original-width="1514" height="289" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYaYJRX2gCCk1ZgoTmVALaOxf4iGs5RsiUq8Q1r_pCeDbiERYQVNb0g1B9jgM6SdRhA4KwKVDQUrmosRZlhgfC9gjP_ZcWMDran4TxgY1MlKwzZD8zfcLEujVSMsVomCjNkNpXPaWZaXrfGBc7Rlx_GcmdKbNV45knYt2nAJD-rIra7AxEvmKIZ09x/w400-h289/use%20of%20cereals.png" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Notably, one can’t
conclude that the quantity of cereals eaten by livestock could have been eaten
by people. To begin with, there is no one there to buy it, both because those
that can’t eat enough have no money to buy for, and most importantly, the
production is far bigger than human needs as food. In addition, what the
statistics say is consumed as food or feed is not whole grain but various
fractions of the grain. Wheat is mostly consumed as white flour, which is just
around 80% of the wheat kernel. The bran is mostly used as animal feed. 25% of
the paddy rice harvest is composed of hulls and the whole rice is mostly eaten
as white rice, where another 15% is lost as bran, which means that less than 65
% of the rice harvest is actually eaten by humans. Rice bran is used as animal
feed while the husks are hard to digest even for ruminants and are therefore
often not used even as feed (they can be used as bedding for animals, compost
etc.). If you make oat milk, <a href="https://dietforagreenplanet.se/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/01/Milk-and-plant-based-alternatives-an-environmental-assessment-EN-web.pdf">50
percent of the oat harvest goes to animal feed</a>. The production of ethanol
from corn or wheat results in huge quantities of distillers’ grain which is
also fed to animals. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In addition, a lot of
grain doesn’t live up to the expectations of the market. There is no reliable
global statistics of this, but in my own research I concluded that </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjA5PTn5dX7AhXxXvEDHbkUAR0QFnoECBEQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fdietforagreenplanet.se%2Fen%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F4%2F2021%2F01%2FMilk-and-plant-based-alternatives-an-environmental-assessment-EN-web.pdf&usg=AOvVaw05i5Iw-sy9bOK5CbZTZgDj"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">between a fifth and a quarter of the
Swedish harvest of oats and barley</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> is rejected by the market. For wheat there is a constant oversupply in
the market which means that a significant share of wheat grown for human
consumption will be used as feed (for a lower price). Clearly, there are
farmers that grow wheat, corn or barley with the purpose to feed their animals.
And there are commodity farmers that grow grain, especially corn, which already
at the time of sowing is destined to the feed market. It is not possible from
the global statistics to conclude how much of the grain eaten by animals that
fall under this category. My educated guess is that it is a bit more than half.
It is therefore not all correct to state that one third of the grain <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">is grown</i> to feed livestock, just because
one third of the grain is fed to livestock. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Feeding grain to
livestock, especially to pigs, has quite a long history not only in the USA. Grains
have some limitation as animal feed, mainly that they are low in protein. This
meant that you had to “overfeed” pigs with grain in order for them to get
enough protein. Those pigs grew somewhat slowly and they become fat (the same
seems to </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-find-that-protein-hunger-drives-overeating-obesity/"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">happen to people that eat high
energy, low protein food by the way</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">). There was therefore a missing component for the use of grain for animal
feed - a feed with high protein content to complement the grains. Here oilseed
cakes come in. And sure they did. <br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br />Vegetable oils were
rare before WWII. The main reasons were that the
production of animal fat as lard, tallow and in particular butter was fairly
high, that the vegetable oils had an unpleasant taste and that the by-products
had no market/economic use. Through processing advances the oils could be
refined and deodorized and the by-products could be converted into livestock
feed (I describe this in more detail in </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Global-Eating-Disorder-Gunnar-Rundgren/dp/9198089242"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Global Eating Disorder</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">). </span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvN6MG7jVHvEUGyEmcKtRvGg4aqDfH5WVFAIOWTl6yCqm1rNAi1BrYDai4q3NnYGnlIY_0oWZ7DkWMoTmYcpCIm2LvZhp8LDwA3EDHpa1Y9NpJDSDbCylaplbDqcf9BE81ZalEYGeTEYHP-_yE_8APnNibf7Mvs1PLTTWi_gfUsl8Y4SExfK7L6y6Z/s705/major%20oil%20seeds.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="705" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvN6MG7jVHvEUGyEmcKtRvGg4aqDfH5WVFAIOWTl6yCqm1rNAi1BrYDai4q3NnYGnlIY_0oWZ7DkWMoTmYcpCIm2LvZhp8LDwA3EDHpa1Y9NpJDSDbCylaplbDqcf9BE81ZalEYGeTEYHP-_yE_8APnNibf7Mvs1PLTTWi_gfUsl8Y4SExfK7L6y6Z/w400-h272/major%20oil%20seeds.png" width="400" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The production of oil
crops has increased tremendously, in particular oil palm and soy bean (see
graph). As can be seen from the table most oil crops also produce considerable shares
of animal feed. In the production of palm oil, the fruit bunches has palm oil
in the flesh, around 19% of the weight. In the kernels which constitute 6% of
the weight approximately half is oil. The meal from the kernels is used as
animal feed. The empty (after oil extraction) fruit bunches have a high water
content and is mostly not used as animal feed but recycled to the fields.
Soybeans is the major oil crop with the lowest oil content and the meal has
high protein content making it the benchmark for oil seed cakes. Rape seed
cakes and sunflower cakes are also important animal feed sources. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmUrO6_e3kNvf2vvSw11C2B_yQzpfAJF8bk7AHqZ8RoptFgssx5TQ1d3DdYas3z32wVXIALL76RLQHU8mgmflQbisDmEpBHxq73xGaygI33n85MqNwujXrf4FvjA2hEoQRrXbHo_9PxSJ_AtZIVZ7Vmpd_-BQmh6a-rjs5UZg4G7keWxst5bwTz_Jk/s561/oil%20seed%20table.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="307" data-original-width="561" height="175" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmUrO6_e3kNvf2vvSw11C2B_yQzpfAJF8bk7AHqZ8RoptFgssx5TQ1d3DdYas3z32wVXIALL76RLQHU8mgmflQbisDmEpBHxq73xGaygI33n85MqNwujXrf4FvjA2hEoQRrXbHo_9PxSJ_AtZIVZ7Vmpd_-BQmh6a-rjs5UZg4G7keWxst5bwTz_Jk/s320/oil%20seed%20table.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pigs are still the <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-022-00589-6/" target="_blank">number one consumer ofgrain and oilseeds</a>, but chicken is catching up. </span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Chicken converts grain
better into meat than pigs. The combination of industrial vegetable oils and
“advances” in chicken production (veterinary medicine, feed supplements etc)
allowed indoor large-scale production of chicken based on grain and oil seeds. Chicken went
from a luxury food to the cheapest meat, from 1960 the “chicken race” started (</span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2022/11/food-and-agriculture-number-crunching.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">see my previous article</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">). <br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">To feed cattle with
grain was harder. First, their conversion rate of feed to meat is much lower
than pigs or chicken, so it will always be more costly. Secondly, cattle are
not well adapted to eating grain and soy so they get sick if they get too much
or for a long time. Still, as long as grain and soy is cheap quite a lot goes
to cattle, especially dairy cows and feedlot cattle. On a global scale feedlots
are however not the norm, </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-022-00589-6/"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">most cattle for meat is predominantly fed on
pasture, fodder and other roughage</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The increased
consumption of vegetable oils goes hand-in-hand with the increased consumption
of pork, chicken and dairy products. In the market place there is a fight
between butter and margarine. On the production side the margarine (vegetable
oils) is cheap because you can sell the oil cakes to the livestock industry,
including dairy operations and the butter is produced with the help of oil seed
cakes. Before the large scale production of vegetable oils the fat of the pig
was almost as valuable as the meat itself and pigs were much, much fatter than
they are today. Also here, there is a synergetic relationship between the
vegetable oils and the meat. The oil seed cakes allowed swine producers to
produce pigs much quicker. Meanwhile, the meat also became much leaner. In that
way, the reduced supply of animal fat which is a result of the use of oilseed
meal as a feed also increased the market for vegetable oil. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></p>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">By and large there is a far too simplistic
debate about the role of livestock in our food and agriculture systems. To feed
by-products or second grade grain to livestock is just common sense and a good
utilization of resources, and </span><span lang="SV" style="line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-022-00589-6/"><span lang="EN-US">gives us more food for less resources used</span></a></span><span style="line-height: 107%;"> compared to a system where no livestock
products are consumed. On the other hand, if the production of the main product
is harmful, the use of the by-product is supporting that harmful production.
Most production of grain and oil crops is intensive and degrading for soils and
it would probably be better that we would grow less of them. </span></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">But what shall
people eat then? ....you can go on discussing these things forever. The
answer is not to be found in global statistics as the context is so different.
In addition, there are many hundred million farms where people take daily
decisions what to do or not do. If you are a retired gunslinger with a small
homestead in the middle of nowhere, the right thing to do may not be the same
as if you run a horticulture farm in the Netherlands.<span> </span></span></span></span></p>Gunnar Rundgrenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11869055229248959119noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7377497904882186501.post-28968559195244635362022-11-28T08:22:00.005-08:002022-11-28T08:22:59.736-08:00Food and agriculture number crunching, part 1<p><!--[if !mso]>
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UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Without doubt, global
agriculture output has increased tremendously over the last sixty years.*How
much, which crops or commodities, how and why are things I will address in a
series of articles. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Output in volume increased with 268 % since
1961</span></b></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Measured in tons world
agriculture output of crops has increased with 268% since 1961. The population
increased with 151%, i.e. the production per person increased with 43%. Not all
of this is eaten by people. Some of these crops are fed to livestock (see more in
the following post) and livestock production has increased with 206% in the
same period. </span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijQ9M4t16X_nEC6YUxNzyzDWuxJ5o5O-5m4plxIy-9cqQ06hgdZjQLY1aWon5L4T7TXHj5ZlKqiKG1SzyZM3Tr19SGIkL7A07BZFYVIeTY23RxiW2fS7-u5y6xvyCfCnvnUdbAKBcK82cgwqSgCobTSUQMUz2y8J9zIVyUrFvgz58qCOZYU1SQEu5x/s747/World%20production%20in%20tons.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="506" data-original-width="747" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijQ9M4t16X_nEC6YUxNzyzDWuxJ5o5O-5m4plxIy-9cqQ06hgdZjQLY1aWon5L4T7TXHj5ZlKqiKG1SzyZM3Tr19SGIkL7A07BZFYVIeTY23RxiW2fS7-u5y6xvyCfCnvnUdbAKBcK82cgwqSgCobTSUQMUz2y8J9zIVyUrFvgz58qCOZYU1SQEu5x/s320/World%20production%20in%20tons.png" width="320" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Milk production is the
only of the main food groups that has followed population closely. Pulses,
roots and tubers has not kept pace with population.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Oil crops has increased tremendously and
nuts, vegetables and eggs have all increased more than 450%. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLdS2EQs7J1DDpBSomCMfA74gvmnB-vzV1yHHjCWhpppM5x3s0lvD19PV_yWwFPKdncYmSF6W4LiX4H_sRauD7gXDLV12W5x1lvaSRO98dCeAm6SBHfSiguNppOapYmDEq69USEhbKR3Xx9VLpDj5qzw4AXdpsU7xQXO2_Uwz-AT16mJjLQFG3QtOt/s535/world%20ag%20output.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="443" data-original-width="535" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLdS2EQs7J1DDpBSomCMfA74gvmnB-vzV1yHHjCWhpppM5x3s0lvD19PV_yWwFPKdncYmSF6W4LiX4H_sRauD7gXDLV12W5x1lvaSRO98dCeAm6SBHfSiguNppOapYmDEq69USEhbKR3Xx9VLpDj5qzw4AXdpsU7xQXO2_Uwz-AT16mJjLQFG3QtOt/s320/world%20ag%20output.png" width="320" /></a></div><p><br /><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b>Vegetable oil and chicken are the real rockets</b> <br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Going into more detail
we see that oil crops dominate the list of the 10 food commodities that has
increased most. Fish and other aquatic species, wild or cultivated, have also
increased a lot (they are not part of my analysis, but it would certainly be worthwhile
to look more into them in the future, perhaps my readers have some good
sources, please feel free to insert that info in the comments). </span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpLrqZtVlcMeLn01aTJ5osv1DzFsOxqs20LMPEYFmXRAAeZqdVeiIWtp5uzWOqu04-WCujJJJW8fKbk0dApkTEwGBHqCLnSpQP_F1ebs9Ny0Z2s2efxd5gvsl1DCM4QTQZUYf5WjbSrGJLiwAI3FvywriZzdb2i-2uqcvSdFzkTZFOOKMzkKwOCO7M/s503/10%20foodstuffs%20that%20increased%20most.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="456" data-original-width="503" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpLrqZtVlcMeLn01aTJ5osv1DzFsOxqs20LMPEYFmXRAAeZqdVeiIWtp5uzWOqu04-WCujJJJW8fKbk0dApkTEwGBHqCLnSpQP_F1ebs9Ny0Z2s2efxd5gvsl1DCM4QTQZUYf5WjbSrGJLiwAI3FvywriZzdb2i-2uqcvSdFzkTZFOOKMzkKwOCO7M/s320/10%20foodstuffs%20that%20increased%20most.png" width="320" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Among meats, the
rocket is chicken. Pork consumption has also doubled, almost totally
attributable to China, where consumption went from to 2 kg per person in 1961
to 39 kg per person year 2019. The consumption of beef, mutton and goat has
been very stable. It is quite surprising that in the heated “meat” debate
articles are always illustrated with cows or a steak when the share of
consumption is around 20%. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0ZwWTpSG4QRFKpOilKnx7xqx_XMPslyBUc917cjA9XFoze6j6CksgBVuCshCGzO_cISPM6uHFRPvzkiesgKbnhVKTGYbabjxEHqXKlPy1l32D0ZJnQNRXc9AtzZibQVsIa7G82RlhiC7HI0Dn1kKH_XBr19QY5UD8rP7WxGRHliapUY2KLdjmj72n/s481/Global%20meat.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="289" data-original-width="481" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0ZwWTpSG4QRFKpOilKnx7xqx_XMPslyBUc917cjA9XFoze6j6CksgBVuCshCGzO_cISPM6uHFRPvzkiesgKbnhVKTGYbabjxEHqXKlPy1l32D0ZJnQNRXc9AtzZibQVsIa7G82RlhiC7HI0Dn1kKH_XBr19QY5UD8rP7WxGRHliapUY2KLdjmj72n/s320/Global%20meat.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: verdana;">Of vegetables and
fruits, citrus, onion, tomatoes and bananas have increased much. Of the cereals
the biggest increase has been in maize (corn) with a 398% increase, rice with
245% and wheat with 220%. </span><p></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><b>Cropland increase has played a minor role in increased output</b> <br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Cropland area
increased from 1.313 billion hectares to 1.580 billion hectares, approximately
20%. As can be seen from the first table the increase of plant product from
those field was 268%, i.e. only ten percent of the total yield increase can be
attributed to increased cropland area. How that has been possible will be
discussed in a later article. The development of cropland area varies a lot
between the countries, with acreage going down in the high-income countries and
increasing rapidly in low-income countries. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGzJ9G3mBs7D_8MD1u16zYC6POisY1-DFugo6gVX_sigXeoqwsoRTMLy-HGj0bTB1rUyYQWlWAv-XbSA3hQTSljsGosUnssZPUWjSpZEDJgOJWDZbQ4qH4Kx--8SgEt5UycC5Q0tlnNYo9e4bk4W1xXyC8ny0vrz2Muy1gk0asfeW6mY88BOUxLVdr/s782/cropland.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="535" data-original-width="782" height="219" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGzJ9G3mBs7D_8MD1u16zYC6POisY1-DFugo6gVX_sigXeoqwsoRTMLy-HGj0bTB1rUyYQWlWAv-XbSA3hQTSljsGosUnssZPUWjSpZEDJgOJWDZbQ4qH4Kx--8SgEt5UycC5Q0tlnNYo9e4bk4W1xXyC8ny0vrz2Muy1gk0asfeW6mY88BOUxLVdr/s320/cropland.png" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It should be noted,
however that the total area of crop land in low income countries still is very
small (9%).</span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsIbWO1DGR9xALB6P6XtiqA6fNS6XGpbgrZNd3Y3X5Vx-_3lRoYrPjuJYaoOMl8h-udKVExx2CBJ08nXQmCeSLKKpoQ1KJpx9xwRokfrbICASgj6pJe9OZMAaIB46l7HGmHby-4bWI6LKnfHyDTy4y5TOqarsuG638Yzg-GHnSOhXOMZhc1aCXc3eD/s481/global%20crop%20land%20area.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="342" data-original-width="481" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsIbWO1DGR9xALB6P6XtiqA6fNS6XGpbgrZNd3Y3X5Vx-_3lRoYrPjuJYaoOMl8h-udKVExx2CBJ08nXQmCeSLKKpoQ1KJpx9xwRokfrbICASgj6pJe9OZMAaIB46l7HGmHby-4bWI6LKnfHyDTy4y5TOqarsuG638Yzg-GHnSOhXOMZhc1aCXc3eD/s320/global%20crop%20land%20area.png" width="320" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">To be continued.....<br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">*There was, of course, no spectacular change in
1962, the Great Acceleration had started earlier, the reason the article
discuss the development from 1961 onwards is simply that the FAO database
starts that year! </span></span></p>
<p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></p>
<p></p>Gunnar Rundgrenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11869055229248959119noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7377497904882186501.post-63474571878185690432022-10-15T04:19:00.000-07:002022-10-15T04:19:02.086-07:00The third agrarian revolution: from production and consumption to relations<p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In the 19th century
Swedish agriculture underwent big changes. The earlier agriculture system was
founded on a high share of permanent meadows where winter feed for the
livestock was harvested. The manure was spread on the arable land where food
for humans were grown. During the summer (4-6 months depending on where in
Sweden you were) livestock grazed the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">utmarker</i>
(back country) the land which now mostly is densely forested, but was much more
open in those days.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With the
introduction of crop rotations the production of fodder was brought into the
arable land and at the same time most of the permanent meadows were plowed and
converted to arable land. Through the use of leguminous plants, in particular
clover, the availability of the important nitrogen increased substantially. </span></span>
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The population also
grew, but food production increased considerably more than the population.
According to the recently published </span><span lang="SV"><a href="http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1647144&dswid=-4160"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Agrar revolution</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> by professor Mats Morell, the total energy
production per person and day went from 4,000 kcal in the beginning of the 19th
century to more than 5,000 kcal in the end of the century and the availability
of animal foods was even higher than the consumption today. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The higher yields were
mostly gained through an intensification of work. People worked more and a
longer time of the year. One such example is the introduction of potatoes. The
potato gave a higher yield but it also prolonged the work in the fields as it
was planted after the grain was sown and harvested after the grain harvest.
Finally, a lot of the potatoes were further processed into <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">brännvin</i> (vodka) during winter. In a similar way more and better
feed gave more milk, and more cheese- and buttermaking. The increase in animal
production also took more time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The increased work was
made possible by an industrial production of tools, fabrics, nails etc, which
meant that the rural population could spend more time in farming and less time
in reproducing what they needed in their households and for the production. In
order to buy these things they also had to sell more from their farms. Oats to
England, milk and butter to the cities and vodka were early important income
sources. Agriculture thus developed from self- sufficiency towards the market
economy. This was facilitated and encouraged by social and political changes
such as enclosures and redistribution of farm land.</span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">*</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In the beginning of
the 20<sup>th</sup> century this development was considerably augmented by the
introduction of fossil fuels which caused very radical changes in agriculture
and food systems. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">-Even if yields per
hectare and liters of milk per cow have increase very much has the labor
productivity increased much more. While the yields of grain have increased with
a factor of four or five productivity per hour worked has increased hundred
times or more. Fossil fuels for tractors, combines and other machinery have
played a pivotal role in this.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">-Already with the
first coal powered steam ships, transport costs shrank enormously which
increased competition in agriculture commodities. This has continued and been
amplified by diesel engines, smart logistics such as containers and pallets as
well as a rapidly expanding road network. The transport solutions and the
competition led to a much higher degree of specialization regionally and even
continentally. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">-Even more important
was the large scale use of nitrogen fertilizers, made by fossil fuels. They
increased yield and made it possible to decouple plant and animal production.
Some areas developed livestock production much bigger than they could feed
while other areas became large scaler exporters of feed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Artificial fertilizers paved the way for
agriculture into a linear production model instead of a regenerative
self-generating system.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">These three aspects of
fossil fuels – mechanization, transportation and artificial fertilizers – have
together with the market resulted in profound changes of the food and
agriculture systems with effects which are not always apparent. The emergence
of mega-cities, the depopulation of the countryside, the deforestation of the
Amazon, the abandonment of natural and semi-natural grasslands in Europe, the
homogenization of diets globally and the very rapid increase of chicken
consumption are just a few examples of such effects.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In a certain sense,
this has been very successful. Despite an increase of the global population 1.5
times, the production of the croplands of the world increased from 3,700 kcal
per capita and day 1960 to almost 6,000 kcal sixty years later, while the
acreage expanded only 10 percent. The consumption of animal products, vegetable
oil and vegetables have increased tremendously at the expense of staple crops
such as tubers and grain, which in turn to a larger extent have been used for
animal feed or biofuel. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In light of the fact
that the increases of production all the time predates the increase in
population and that the agriculture market is a surplus market, it is strange
that the dominating narrative is how we shall be able to feed a growing
population. If anything increased production drives increased population rather
than the other way round. Even that perspective has shortcomings however, if it
were the case populations should grow also in the wealthiest countries, but
they don’t. The cause of both the increase of production and the growth of the
population is rather the transition from self-sufficiency to a market economy
that was part of the first agrarian revolution. But I will not delve more into
this interesting question here and now. </span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">*</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The impressive gains
in production –often called the second agrarian revolution – are mainly a
result of the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, increase in
irrigation (also allowing multiple cropping) and a much more intensive use of
agriculture land. Contrary to common belief the net primary production, the
photosynthesis, in the fields has not really increased much, but we (the
humans) take a much bigger share of the primary production. This has been
accomplished through the extermination of weeds that compete with the crops and
insects that eat them as well as the redistribution of the net energy from the roots
and the straw to the grain. Another way to express the same is that agriculture
doesn’t bind more carbon (energy) than the natural eco systems it has replaced;
we just take more of the carbon. This efficiency, if we should call it that,
apparently leads to that there will be less energy left for other life forms. Which
is just another way of describing the loss of bio-diversity.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The Intergovernmental
Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services</span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://ipbes.net/"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, IPBES</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">,
describes in its recent </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://zenodo.org/record/7075892#.Y0kbYr9Bz_8"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">report on values and valuation of nature</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> that we can view humans’ role and relation to
nature in four different ways; that we live <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">from</i>
nature, that we live <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">with</i> nature,
that we live <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">in</i> nature and that we
live <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">as</i> nature. The four perspectives
are not mutually excluding.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The food and
agriculture systems have since the first agrarian revolution, and even more
since the time after the second world war, been shaped of the view that we live
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">from</i> nature. The focus has been
totally dominated by which commercial products we can extract from farming. For
instance, in animal production the desired products – meat, milk, eggs – are
all important while being a pig, a cow or a hen is just a support function in
this production. As long as they produce they are fine. The ecological roles of
animals have totally changed and through breeding and feeding they are
converted to the machines as Descartes described them. Agriculture textbooks
from the end of the 19<sup>th</sup> century are thus describing a farm as a
factory and animals as machines. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Agriculture oriented
to self-sufficiency or subsistence is oriented to the maintenance or
enhancement of the resources of the household and the farm and as much as
possible these resources are generated within the household, the village or the
kin. The market oriented farm entrepreneur buys fuel, seeds, breeds, knowledge,
labor, nutrients, weed and pest regulation etc. in the market place – even the
land is bought or sold as a commodity. Industrial agriculture follows the same
principles as other industries and most of its capabilities are sourced from
other industries and other continents. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Through the high
degree of mechanization and the ever growing scale the capital needs are huge
which spells the end of family farms, something that is easily observed. In
general, the central role of agriculture for society and culture is lost and
even the farm sectors itself discuss it as an industry like any other. The
traditional word for farmer in Swedish is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bonde</i>,
which means somebody that lives in a particular place with ties to the place (I
believe the word peasant has a similar original meaning). Today’s farmers like
to talk about themselves as managers or entrepreneurs with no particular ties
to the </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2022/05/landskap-model-for-future.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">landscape</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Production and
consumption are separated with no apparent links and the impact of what people
eat spreads like a web over the whole world and deep down to the ocean floor.
Farmers often complain that most people no longer know anything about the food
they eat. For sure, that is true, but most farmers today also don’t produce
food but agriculture commodities for the food (or other) industries. As little
as consumers know where the food come from most farmers don’t know where and in
which form their commodities finally are consumed. For instance, one fourth of
the Swedish milk is converted into powder which is exported to many different
countries <a href="https://www.politico.eu/interactive/the-eu-milk-lookalike-that-is-devastating-west-africas-dairy-sector/">(among
others to West Africa where it competes with the local production</a>). </span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">*</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A transition to a
fossil-free energy system will happen regardless of climate-policies because
fossil fuels are getting more expensive to extract. As I have shown, fossil
fuels have been a determining factor in our society and in agriculture and
their demise will have equally large repercussions. There are alternative
energy sources but on a system’s level they are not as flexible and easily
useful as fossil fuels, something that is very apparent these days with an
energy cost crisis in Europe. When the alternatives should be produced without
the use of fossil fuels their costs will increase as well. Energy consumption
will go down in all sectors except for the energy sector where more energy will
be spent on producing, storing and using energy (e.g. use of hydrogen as
storage of energy </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2015/ee/c4ee04041d"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">entails very high losses</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">). </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Food and agriculture
systems will change considerably as a result. Cost increase for artificial
fertilizers will lead to more expensive food but it will also change production
methods and trade. Grazing will, for instance, become more competitive compared
to feed crops, crop rotations will improve with more pulses or other leguminous
plants, crops and livestock will be re-integrated and nutrient flows from farms
to cities must be re-circulated. Many of the current trade flows will become
uncompetitive and food markers will be re-localized to a large extent. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The transition will
also lead to more competition over land, water and biomass which also can be
used for energy production. Meanwhile, the same resources are also needed to
maintain or restore all the ecological support systems that our society and
food production is dependent on.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The same market forces
that have driven the increase in production, consumption and population has
proven unable to create sustainable systems. That the market was not been able
to supply food for all was always apparent for those millions that went to bed
hungry every day, but this insight seems to spread to society at large. Already
before the pandemic and the war in Ukraine, globalization was in reverse. Ten
years ago, calls for increased self-sufficiency and a robust food system was
seen as backward and foolish in Sweden, today they are on top of the agenda. </span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">*</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In farming, when
innovation is discussed it is mostly about technology but the innovations we
need are cultural and social. The big challenge is not to produce more food but
to develop a food system built on a more humble view of the role of humans in
nature. We need to see agriculture and the food we eat as the main tools we
have to manage and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">live in nature. </i>Ecological
and social feedback needs to be strengthened at the expense of economic feedback.
To get there we need to go beyond the market and emphasize and develop the
relations between us and nature, between us and the soil, between us and the
farm animals and between the humans in the food chain. Both production and
consumption need to be re-grounded in the landscape and farm entrepreneurs
should return to being peasants. That will be the third agrarian revolution. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The article is an English version of my honory
doctorate lecture 7 October 2022 at the Swedish University of Agricultural
Sciences </span></i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></span></p>
<p></p>Gunnar Rundgrenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11869055229248959119noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7377497904882186501.post-32123019181579904172022-09-10T22:04:00.003-07:002022-09-10T22:04:32.587-07:00What I have done apart from farming<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This is the last of four posts giving an update
of what is going on in my life.</span></i></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Apart from running the
farm, writing books and articles and giving lectures, I also do consultancy
work. The one I am busy with at the moment is about animal welfare in the
supermarkets’ private brands, commissioned by the </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.djurskyddet.se/english/"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Animal Welfare Sweden</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. One thing that strikes me with this job is that most people say that
consumers want more information and that transparency is important. Supermarket
chains and various certification schemes collect a wealth of information about
the suppliers and the agriculture production, almost all of it digital.
Nevertheless, there is very little of this information that reaches the
consumers, and even less for products under the supermarkets own brands. The
truth is that a competitive market doesn’t like transparency at all. Instead if
information we get storytelling. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Before that, I spent a
lot of time making a report (</span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.ksla.se/pdf-meta/kslat-2-2021-koll-pa-kolet/"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Koll på kolet</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">) on the carbon cycle in the Swedish food and
agriculture system for the </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.ksla.se/en/"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Royal
Swedish Agricultural Academy</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> (of which I am also a member). It was a big and tedious work but the
results were very interesting. To see the total flow is a useful tool for
increased understanding the system. The report and data is </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.ksla.se/pdf-meta/kslat-2-2021-koll-pa-kolet/"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">available here</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, in Swedish only. One of the many interesting
results was that the </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-11813-5"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">metabolic food waste</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, overeating, is as big as what is normally
called food waste at the consumer level. Based on estimates of real
consumption, calculations based on human metabolism and sewage data as well as
calculations based on the weight of the population I came to the conclusion
that approximately 2,600 kcal are actually eaten per capita and day. This means
that food waste before-the-mouth and overeating are of the same order of
magnitude, around 600 kcal per capita and day. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCuAGri4hXJ1ihTMo7p0MzhAJBFLsa0ZEw2hZoLDR2kQ-XJyRO1ZQ9KMIHh_yaazBdFpqlGGJicleqNn1n8xptfGKlcXFlFHqMVteQhy8ZETQ47IyVkjXkKSFZGbY61fnqU7s1tMfcQg7krZzViHTSxbkrtZlXA8kj1oOD09ar_2Y0OBW7yuj7sJ1P/s493/feed%20livestock%20Sweden.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="417" data-original-width="493" height="339" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCuAGri4hXJ1ihTMo7p0MzhAJBFLsa0ZEw2hZoLDR2kQ-XJyRO1ZQ9KMIHh_yaazBdFpqlGGJicleqNn1n8xptfGKlcXFlFHqMVteQhy8ZETQ47IyVkjXkKSFZGbY61fnqU7s1tMfcQg7krZzViHTSxbkrtZlXA8kj1oOD09ar_2Y0OBW7yuj7sJ1P/w400-h339/feed%20livestock%20Sweden.png" width="400" /></a></div><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The report also gives
a comprehensive overview of the livestock system. A little less than a quarter
of all feed is composed of grain and pulses, things that in theory could be
eaten also by humans (in reality quite a big proportion is second grade which
the food industry rejects). 61% of all feed is consumed by cattle, 11% by pigs,
9% by chicken, 3% by sheep and goats, 2% by pets, reindeer, deer etc. and,
probably surprising, 15% by horses (which are only used for leisure or sports).
</span><p></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">According to my
research feed (carbon) efficiency in pigs is higher than it is in poultry,
which seemingly contradicts the often heard statement of highest feed
conversion ratio in poultry. Feed conversion ratio is mostly measured in kg
feed used per kg of product. But this is a misleading measure as it favors the
use of highly concentrated feed. In salmon farming for instance, soy protein
isolate is often used, but it takes 3 kg of soy to make 1 kg soy protein
isolate. By using soy protein isolate the feed conversion ratio is reduced to a
third (you can read more about feed conversion ratio </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.tabledebates.org/research-library/feed-conversion-efficiency-aquaculture-do-we-measure-it-correctly"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">here</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">). </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The report confirms
the low rate of feed conversion for beef where only around 5% of the carbon
ends up in the meat. Almost half of the carbon is going back to the fields in
the form of manure though. In the grasslands cropped for hay and silage
(approximately 40% of the Swedish acreage) there is net sequestration of carbon
and in combination with the recirculation of manure it explains <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17583004.2022.2074315">why
soil organic matter and soil fertility increases in farms with cattle</a>. Some
of the “inefficiency” of the low feed conversion ratio of cattle is compensated
for by improved soil fertility and carbon sequestration. One could say that
cattle is extremely efficient in building fertility and sequestering carbon in
the agriculture eco system. Nevertheless, I find the efficiency discussions
rather meaningless as the <a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2013/12/jevons-paradox-why-efficiency-is-liar.html">concept
of efficiency is loaded with value judgments and assumptions</a>. It also
reduces our domestic animals to machines with no other purpose than being
efficient, so it is a bit ironic that so many animal rights activists use the (in)efficiency
argument against cattle or other ruminants. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Another interesting
study I made some time ago was about the possibilities and challenges for
reducing the use of soy in the Swedish livestock production. The report was a
working document for the Swedish Society for nature conservation and
unfortunately not publicly available. There is a lot of confusion about the
production and use of soy, and in particular how much soy is grown for
livestock feed. Apart from a very small share of the soy that is used as
soybeans to eat or for the production of tofu and other foods, the soybean is
processed into three different product, soy meal that is used for animal feed,
soy oil which is used for cooking oil, biodiesel and industrial use and
lecithin and food ingredient/additive. In the processing approximately 80%
becomes soy meal, 19% soy oil and 1% lecithin. For the economy of soy
processing and soy cultivation all fractions need to be sold and the price of
soy oil is much higher than for the cake. The claims that almost all soy is
grown for animal feed is thus quite nonsensical. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Nevertheless, as soy
barely can be grown in Sweden there are good reasons for Swedish livestock
producers not to use imported soy. Notably, most (56%) of it is used in chicken
and egg production. Pigs eat 13%, in beef production very little soy is used (4%)
in Sweden, more is used in dairy (24%) and in particular in organic dairy
production. The reason for the latter is that there are fewer alternative
feedstuffs on the market and that organic producers produce a larger share of
their feed, mainly because there are few other alternatives in the market. By
producing a larger share of their feed they end up buying more soy as that is
the product that they need the most to reach high production. There are,
however, organic dairy producers that use no soy at all and there are those
that feed grass only. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The abandonment of the
use of soy in Swedish livestock production can’t be discussed solely as a
replacement strategy where soy is replaces by rape seed meal or any other
protein feed. I proposed a battery of actions including: </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span>Use of the by-products from wheat ethanol which
is currently exported</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span>Increase the share of grass in the ration</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span>Reducing poultry production, maintain or
increase ruminants</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span>Increased production of pulses (which is
miniscule in Sweden)</span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span>Increased production of rape seed </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span>Increased production of biofuels with a protein
rich by product. </span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The last two points
would not be feasible in a scenario with a large share of organic production as
rape seed is very difficult to grow organically due to pest problems and there
would not be capacity for increased biofuel production from farm land if the
share of organic production is high. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">Well, those are the kind of jobs I do.</span></span>Gunnar Rundgrenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11869055229248959119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7377497904882186501.post-87747878270086159232022-09-03T22:00:00.003-07:002022-09-03T22:00:42.370-07:00On my mind<span style="font-family: verdana;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This is the third of four posts giving an
update of what’s going on in my life and mind.</span></i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></b></span><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">From a communications
perspective I ponder over how I can improve my efforts to explain why profit,
competition and increased labor productivity, essential parts of capitalism, </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2018/09/competition-not-consumption-drives.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">are the main factors driving
increased resource use</span></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, and that economic value (not financial value)
is created by the use of resources including human labor</span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. With a constant population there can’t be
economic growth without increased resource use. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Linked to that is also
the need to debunk the consumerist perspective of markets, the notion that
markets are “consumer-driven” and thus that the key to any change is consumer behavior.
For me, it is apparent </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2015/12/food-from-commodity-to-commons.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">that markets and production methods
are not consumer driven</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
even if it is equally apparent that if no consumer buy a product it will cease
to be produced.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The myth of that the
consumer is in command is an essential part of the justification of capitalism.
It portrays the market as a democratic institution which people can control by “voting
with their wallets”. And, as markets are democratic the best is to let markets
take care of as much as possible – so the story goes. Regardless of the fact
that some people have many more dollars in their wallet than others, it gives a
distorted view of how markets work. Steve Jobs said “People don’t know what
they want until you show it to them” and proved it with the iPhone. It is true
also on a much larger scale in time and place. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The food and
agriculture system, where my main area of expertise is, provides ample evidence
for that production methods, competition and government policies are all much
more important than consumer choice. Almost everything people eat are made from
a limited number of commodities that our ancestors domesticated, an individual
consumer can’t change that, she can just refuse to eat some of them. That
people eat enormous quantities of chicken and almost no magpies or starlings is
not the result of consumer preferences but of the fact the hens were
domesticated many thousand years ago and that from the 1930s and onwards
industrial processes of chicken production were developed. In addition the food
industry and restaurants like chicken as it is always tender and tasteless so
you can give it any taste you want. All this together has transformed chicken
from luxury food to a poor man’s staple food. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Even on a mega scale
in time and space it is apparent that population growth is a result of
increased production rather than the other way round – something I am busy
studying at the moment. This matters quite a lot as the dominating narrative in
agriculture is that “we have to produce more to feed a growing population”, but
in my view it is rather “the population is growing because we exploit more and
more resources”. Of course it is slightly simplistic, there are underlying
factors - energy and capitalism – driving both agriculture production and
population.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Two other technical
matters I contemplate are the net emissions from man-made landscapes and
mapping the main flows in the biological carbon cycles. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Today, all emissions
of CO2, methane and nitrous oxide from agriculture (or other man made
landscapes) are classified as anthropogenic as opposed to natural in IPCC
terminology. But also natural landscapes emit carbon dioxide, methane and
nitrous oxide. Wetlands, for example, emit more methane than all the
anthropogenic sources together. If we drain a wet land and grow rice in it, all
methane emissions from the rice production is classified as anthropogenic
despite the fact that the land emitted methane also before (this could be more
or less depending on the conditions). Equally, when a wet land is drained for
dryland farming, the land normally will lose carbon as well as nitrous oxide.
These emissions will be called anthropogenic but the reduction of methane will
not be counted as a reduction in emissions. It seems to me that it would be
more fair and accurate to contrast agriculture’s emissions to the emissions of
the same land in its more pristine form. Does it matter? Well for the climate
it doesn’t as it is not our categories of classifications that are changing the
climate. But for climate policy and all the incentives and disincentives which
are now developed, it can make a lot of difference. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">To some extent, this
is linked to the second matter, the flows of the biological carbon cycle. There
are many proposals about tree planting or restoration of eco-systems as means
to mitigate climate change. But people tend to look at these things in
isolation and not from a system’s perspective. The total flow of carbon in the
biological systems surpass the emissions from fossil fuels and the stocks in
the biosphere are huge. Most of the carbon in the annual flow just circulates
in the biosphere and the speed of the circulation can be very rapid, even
plants themselves exhale carbon dioxide at night time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some of the circulation is slow, like the one
tied up in tree trunks or other long lived organisms (whales and humans). But
even for trees a substantial part of the carbon that is assimilated is not
bound into the wood itself but is exchanged with fungi, or falling to the
ground as leafs or needles, or eaten by insects. Some of the wood burns and the
carbon is released rapidly. The average Swede eats 100 kg of carbon each year
while the body contains some 12 kg, the stock (the body) is therefore much
smaller than the flow. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">But there is no good
overview or flow chart of the paths that all this carbon takes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I am convinced that such a mapping would be
useful. I guess most of you have seen the graph that shows that 70% of all
mammals on the planet are domestic livestock and most of the rest are humans,
with only 4% wild mammals. It is of course a sad fact that we have killed or
destroyed the habitat of so many wild mammals. I believe that the rest of the
same research is even more interesting, but unfortunately little publicized. To
realize that there is much more fish in the ocean than all mammals together and
that arthropods (insects etc.) weigh more than 10 times all the cattle and that
all the bacteria weigh 35 times more than all animals taken together. And that
there are 200 times more fungi than humans. Plants dwarfs everything and make
up some 90% of the biomass. It makes you feel a lot less important, doesn't it?</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxU1RBfYHuHAUfpuYR7LGR44X_JH1WEVLmfQTIrMhE-MtiOGd6O9WqT217P6tNpHXM9_uTpo5IIK8xBWK_hWdMk-2AXd9gMLTIYcu1qgVDkoyKbVkQP-9K81UNTKP5dhn5ANwf57N29MzyGYKTfVzeAEVc83NHoEtOnZdb4m80pWr_9yuw0YswS7bZ/s1280/biomass%20distribution.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1280" height="156" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxU1RBfYHuHAUfpuYR7LGR44X_JH1WEVLmfQTIrMhE-MtiOGd6O9WqT217P6tNpHXM9_uTpo5IIK8xBWK_hWdMk-2AXd9gMLTIYcu1qgVDkoyKbVkQP-9K81UNTKP5dhn5ANwf57N29MzyGYKTfVzeAEVc83NHoEtOnZdb4m80pWr_9yuw0YswS7bZ/w400-h156/biomass%20distribution.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1711842115</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This also leads to
another topic – rewilding. We explore that to some extent in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2022/08/news-from-somewhere.html">The
hippos of Pablo Escobar.</a> </i>These days we continue to dig a bit deeper
into the topic and realize that rewilding is not so well defined and encompass
very different approaches. There are many conflicts also for rewilding and
humans have to manage rewilding to a very large extent, which is a bit
contradictory. Rewilding sounds like primitivism, leading us back to a pure
past of foraging, but in reality most of the pundits are ecomodernists (some
are just rich people seeking a playground) who put humans outside of nature
instead of </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2022/04/being-nature.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">being nature</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;">Most of the topics mentioned above will be
discussed in some post later on, when the ground is covered in snow....</span></span>Gunnar Rundgrenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11869055229248959119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7377497904882186501.post-61499405638205422292022-08-30T10:56:00.000-07:002022-08-30T10:56:07.901-07:00 On the farm<span style="font-family: verdana;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This is the second of four posts giving an
update of what’s going on in my life and mind. </span></i>
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Our previous book, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kornas planet</i>, the </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2019/03/the-planet-of-cows.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Planet of the cows</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, got a very good reception. It is a story
about the co-evolution of man, cows landscape, culture and society. Of course,
it also discuss the industrialization of cows with all the environmental and
ethical issues it has led to. Central in the book is <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the small herd of cows, led by the regal
Bossa, that we have in our own farm, Sunnansjö. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixlN4ZommonnpyY_UXAQXTWFXylGmbmpWvdF_u9J1nSN6IFNoqoC04EbaRm0q8UDv5_fxigv9VnEJB52yLVJTK6KeN4shapwFQXzcyzfs4NPXoOvIDiMxudTNkBCg-FVBJOmsuGMGMauK4b3Z5Q3g_zvaXFDgRzH9MrmxT05WdZeBdIH__mOMUW3G3/s2048/DSC_1740.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1371" data-original-width="2048" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixlN4ZommonnpyY_UXAQXTWFXylGmbmpWvdF_u9J1nSN6IFNoqoC04EbaRm0q8UDv5_fxigv9VnEJB52yLVJTK6KeN4shapwFQXzcyzfs4NPXoOvIDiMxudTNkBCg-FVBJOmsuGMGMauK4b3Z5Q3g_zvaXFDgRzH9MrmxT05WdZeBdIH__mOMUW3G3/w400-h268/DSC_1740.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bossa (in front) and Bosse, photo: Gunnar Rundgren<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It was actually not
part of the plan to have cows. Eight years ago, my wife, Ann-Helen, and I
bought this small farm, Sunnansjö, in Sweden, some 30 km east of Uppsala. I
have all my life been keen on growing vegetables and lately my interest has
been more into trees and perennial plants. So the main idea was to use most of
the land for such crops. But a place has its own conditions, its own genius, as
expressed by Wes Jacksson. Most our lands are wet and heavy, prone to floods,
not suitable for neither vegetables nor fruits. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Slowly, we began
adjusting our plans to reality, to the local conditions, opportunities and
limitations, I had to rethink my role from grower to ecosystem manager (after
all my book </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/p/garden-earth_12.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Garden Earth</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> was about planetary stewardship, so that is
kind of logical). The Swedish rural landscape is very productivist where the
forests are dense and totally oriented to biomass production and arable land is
intensively used and mostly in monoculture crops. Semi-natural grasslands have
almost disappeared, and most of the ecological boundary zones between fields,
meadow, wetlands and forest have also gone (even the cities have lost the zones
connecting them to the surroundings. Earlier there were market gardens, firewood
and cattle markets in the outskirts of the city, there were grocery markets and
harbors within the perimeters of the city and there were also chicken, pigs,
dairy cows, vegetable gardens. The “countryside” was thus present in the city).
Those boundary zones are often the richest and most diverse landscapes. Earlier,
the landscape was much more diverse, for example, forests were not dense but
open and they were also pasture, a food and fuel source, as well as providing
tools and much more – including fairy tales. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The real treat of our
land at Sunnansjö is that is so varied. We own a long stretch of the shore of a
lake, there are rich wetlands, peat bogs, meadows, old growth forests and many
fields with what we call ”field islands” in Swedish, i.e. bigger rocky patches
with scattered trees in the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>fields.
Overall, we have a lot of boundary zones between the various biomes. Our
mission now on the farm is to manage and enhance all those transition zones and
to create richer ecosystems and more beauty. And for that, cattle were a rather
obvious choice. The diverse landscape also provides better habitat for
wildlife. There doesn’t have to be any contradiction between having cattle and
most wildlife. Admittedly, there are some conflicts, e.g. with predators and
parasites, but in most cases they can be managed. And there are many species
that thrive in the silvopastoral landscape. There are far more problems with
the cultivation of vegetables and fruits and wildlife.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The farm has some 10
hectares of arable land, of which almost 9 is used for hay cropping or grazing.
We have now 5 cows and raise their offspring for eventual slaughter as calves,
steers or heifers. We sell meat in boxes of 10-15 kg directly off farm. We have
also restored some 10 hectares of abandoned grasslands, mainly along the lake,
restoring not only grazing but also the habitat for many birds. We practice
silvo-pastoralism, both by keeping a lot of trees in the grasslands and by
grazing cattle in thinned forests. 5-6 months cows are grazing, the rest of the
time they eat hay. No feed is bought except mineral feed and salt. The manure
is collected in winter and at least half of it is used for the crops and the
rest is spread on the hay fields. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Half a hectare is used
for vegetables of which asparagus is the main crop and another half hectare for
fruits and berries (mainly apples) and hazelnuts. The vegetables and fruits are
intercropped to some extent, especially as long as the fruit trees are small.We
grow as many perennial crops as possible. One reason is that we have very heavy
clay soils and the cultivation and sowing in spring is difficult. Likewise,
root crops and tubers are hard to harvest in autumn and they are covered with
shields of clay, which makes any kind of commercial production impossible<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>- we still grow them for home consumption. We
also have a 200 square meter permanent tunnel where we grow plants needing
higher temperatures than what we normally experience, tomatoes, chili,
cucumbers etc. We sell the vegetables here at the farm and at the </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://aitojamakuja.fi/en/what-is-reko/"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Reko-rings</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> in Uppsala and Enköping. The plan is to make
cider of all the apples which are not first grade. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">We farm organically, I
always have. Within the frame of organic, I am pragmatic when it comes to
farming methods. The contrast between the conditions at Sunnansjö and the farm
where I lived before, </span><span lang="SV"><a href="http://www.torfolk.se/om-oss/"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Torfolk</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> (with
sandy light soils), as well as my experiences from working with or visiting
farmers in most parts of the world has made me realize the importance of
adapting the methods to the local conditions. Keeping the ground covered as
much as possible, recycle or add organic matter, high diversity (in time and/or
space) of plants and animals are still good principles in most cases. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">We also have some 30
hectares of forest. Smaller parts were recently logged when we bought the property,
but the larger parts are dense old-growth forest (which in Sweden means that
the dominating trees are over 120 years old) that might not ever have been
clear-cut (which is the totally dominant way of “managing” forests in Sweden).
Parts of the forest we have opened up for grazing, i.e. thinned to get more
light down to the ground. Three hectares are gradually converted to a deciduous
forest where we cut all spruce and leave birches, aspen, rowan, oak, hazelnut
and other deciduous trees. In addition, we planted some beech, wild cherry and
plums, crab apples, ash and more hazelnut. Some parts we manage as a continuous
cover forest where trees are individually selected for harvest and sale
(similar to the </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://yellowpointecologicalsociety.ca/2019/01/30/lubeck-another-way-of-logging/"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Lübeck model</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">). Two bigger parts are left for the moment
while we ponder over their future management. One part is a stand of pine trees
in a drained swamp. We might re-wet the area, as part of a governmental scheme,
to restore the swamp and stop carbon emissions. The other part, some 10
hectares, might be left for free development or will be selectively cut. Time
will tell. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Energy is a weak point
in the farm apart from the fact that we use our own firewood and that we use as
little energy as possible (total use of diesel for tractors is a few hundred
liters per year, we buy considerably more for our car). Solar panels and solar
water heating will be fit to a building once we finished it and today we bought
an electric tricycle. It is difficult to find the right balance in replacing
fossil fuels and just use less of it, or rather, it is difficult to know where
the right balance is, if even such a thing exist. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">As per food we have a
rather high degree of self-sufficiency. Almost all potatoes, fruit and
vegetables we consume we farm ourselves (the exception is the occasional green
leaf or head of cauliflower in February and March and some citrus fruit). We
have meat, organs and fat from the cattle as well as game (boar, deer and moose
from hunters renting the hunt from us) from the forest and fish from the lake. We
process meat and vegetables through freezing (mostly meat) heat preservation,
salting, drying, smoking and fermenting. Dairy and grain are the two main
missing components. If things get rough we might start milking a cow, I know
how to make cheese and butter. Grain is simply not feasible on our land. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The main “deficiency”
on the farm is the lack of a practical social dimension. We do try to develop and
participate in various cooperative project in the area and we sell directly to
consumers. But the farm would need more hands and people who will further
develop the place with more animal species, more lines of production, a saw
mill, more wood processing etc. Ultimately, younger people taking over as we
grow older. Our strong side in the social arena is our participation in the
public debate, our writings and our books. Perhaps we have to be satisfied with
that? Some friend told me that while I am a staunch advocate of the collective
and communal, in reality I am an individualist who prefer to work alone... </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span>Gunnar Rundgrenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11869055229248959119noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7377497904882186501.post-62208361340520760222022-08-26T02:46:00.003-07:002022-08-26T02:46:30.812-07:00News from somewhere<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I have not posted much
on the Garden Earth blog lately. There are several reasons for that. Being more
active in my home country Sweden the last ten years means that my mind often is
occupied with ”Swedish” debates. Mostly they are the same as the English,
American or German debates. But the arguments are made in Swedish and the
examples are often Swedish. So I write many articles and </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://tradgardenjorden.blogspot.com"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">blog posts in Swedish</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. In addition, most of my consultancy work is also in Swedish these days
which means that it is a lot more work to write articles in English based on
them. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In any case, I have now prepared four posts which form an update of the last year(s). 1) The hippos of Pablo Escobar 2) The Sunnansjö farm 3) What is on my mind and 4) What I have done outside of the farm lately. <br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The hippos of Pablo Escobar.</span></b></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Another reason I have
written little in English is that Ann-Helen (who also is my wife and I spent
January to April writing a new book: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
hippos of Pablo Escobar </i>- in Swedish. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The red thread is the interface between man,
nature and culture with a special emphasis on human use of nature and how our
perspectives have shifted over centuries. The story lending the title to the book
is just one of many stories in it. The hippos of the Colombian drug lord is
about rich people, invasive species and the conflicts around them. There are
now hundreds of them (the hippos) in the Magdalena River. Most conservationists
consider them problematic and invasive in Colombia. But others argue that they
should remain and might even have a positive effect on the local environment
and that they can fill a similar function as previously extinct species. Many
locals like them and they draw hordes of tourists. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/0c65_puiiqE" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe>
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The history of nature
conservation is full of examples of interventions that were not successful
ecologically or socially. The expulsion of indigenous people from nature
reserves and national parks was arrogant and disastrous for the people, and in
most cases also for the ecology of the area, as the people have actively
managed the land. Increasingly, there are also conflicts between other local
rural people and nature conservation, especially foresters, farmer, fishermen –
those that actually manage the landscape for the better and the worse. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Nature protection has
become a profession and an academic topic. Several global or regional treaties
regulate biodiversity. This is of course good and valuable. Meanwhile, we are
worried about the increasing professionalization of nature conservation and its
rather narrow focus on threatened species. If people in a neighborhood protest
against that a new road or more housing will destroy a wood or a wetland or
just the local farm they are mostly not listened to unless they are part of the
elite. But if you manage to find a threatened species the table is turned and
the burden falls on the exploiters. Perhaps the focus should be on preserving
and recreating vital and diverse ecosystems rather than on threatened species,
even more so as much of the preservation efforts are failing?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Some people have the
idea that we should withdraw from nature and live on....air. And if we can’t do
it on earth we should colonize another planet. Even if most people probably
don’t agree, the narrative that we on the one hand can live without nature and
on the other hand it is better for nature that we withdraw, is strong and
embraced by many. But humans part of nature, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">we are nature</i>. To say that we should withdraw from nature is
meaningless as we would no longer be humans at all. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">At the same time as
the concept of Anthropocene has become mainstream it has become equally
apparent that humanity is not so much in control as we thought we were. It is
wrong to say that nature fights back, as it would be far too anthropomorfistic
(does such a word exist? I guess you understand what I mean regardless), but
certainly all those other organisms have agency one way or the other. And the
Earth itself, even if she is no Goddess, is governed by processes that are
outside of our control, both long term and short term.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In the book we
advocate for a </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2022/05/landskap-model-for-future.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">re-integration of humans and the landscape</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> and a decommodification of people and nature
where the interface is governed by relationships instead of transactions. Well,
those are fragments of the things we discuss in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The hippos of Pablo Escobar</i>.* </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">*The book is in
Swedish – but if you happen to be a publisher in other languages drop me a line
at gunnar at grolink.se....</span></span></p>
Gunnar Rundgrenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11869055229248959119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7377497904882186501.post-38106540948907526262022-06-02T01:24:00.001-07:002022-06-04T08:59:27.201-07:00In defence of farming<span style="font-family: verdana;"></span><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">With a rather strange twist George Monbiot,
columnist at the Guardian, promotes regenerative agriculture practices and
dismiss farming as harmful altogether – and worst of all is grazing livestock.
Instead of farming we should produce foods in factories through fermentation or
other modern technologies. But millions of farmers and pastoralists have shown
over centuries that farming can be very sustainable. Meanwhile the ecological
credential of lab foods are doubtful to say the least.</span></i></span><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In the recent article </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/may/07/secret-world-beneath-our-feet-mind-blowing-key-to-planets-future"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The secret world beneath our feet is
mind-blowing – and the key to our planet’s future</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, George Monbiot describes some aspects of the
tremendous life in soils and how a living soil can sustain fertility and
itself. Lately, soil health and regenerative agriculture is on the lips of many
food and agriculture professionals, even if they often mean very different
things. The CEO of Syngenta, a multinational producer of herbicides and other
agro-chemicals as well as seeds, including genetically modified seeds, recently
went on record </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/stop-organic-farming-to-help-future-food-crisis--says-syngenta-boss/47576514"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">promoting regenerative farming as an
alternative to organic farming</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Meanwhile the organic
farming movement points out that </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://rodaleinstitute.org/why-organic/organic-basics/regenerative-organic-agriculture/"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">it is the origin both of the term
regenerative as well as most of its practices</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. The importance of a living soil has been
promoted by organic farmers for a century now. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Living soil</i> is even the title of a book written by Lady Eve
Balfour, founder of Britain’s leading organic movement Soil Association. The
importance of a living soil was also for a long time common knowledge of
gardeners and farmers all around the world. Science is now finally catching up
after a hundred year detour along the chemical lane (with keen support of the
likes of Syngenta), where soil was seen just as a substrate for the plants to
grow in and nutrients was supplied by added chemicals and plants were protected
from pests by a nasty mix of poisons. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">So welcome to the team
George! Or? In the latter part of the same article Monbiot points to many shortcomings
of modern agriculture and livestock production, rightly so. I will not repeat
those here as I assume my readers are quite familiar with them (if not, I have
written </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/p/blog-page.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">a book about it</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">). Monbiot’s conclusion, which he has aired for
some years, is that farming is inherently bad. Either it is intensive and
destroys the environment, or it is extensive and needs more land, which in his
view is equally bad, if not worse: </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Campaigners, chefs and food writers rail against intensive farming and
the harm it does to us and the world. But the problem is not the adjective:
it’s the noun. The destruction of Earth systems is caused not by intensive
farming or extensive farming, but a disastrous combination of the two.”</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Monbiot’s suggestion
to the “farming problem” is four-fold: First, we should take as much land as
possible out of farming. New laboratory foods come to rescue, things like precision
fermentation and electro-foods. Second, livestock production should be
substantially reduced or even totally abandoned. Realizing that it might be a
bit boring to live on lab food alone Monbiot leave some space for (veganic)
horticulture and perennial grains, the third and fourth suggestion respectively
(Why we should make fat and protein in laboratories while getting the
carbohydrates from perennial grains is not explained, but perhaps Monbiot likes
bread and pasta more than olive oil and steak?). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The idea that farming
is seen as the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fall of mankind</i>, an
epic mistake, is not new. It has been promoted by </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/the-worst-mistake-in-the-history-of-the-human-race"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Jared Diamond</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.ynharari.com/topic/ecology/"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Yuval Noah Harari</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> and many more. It is likely that the
transformation from foraging to farming had many negative implications, such as
less nutritious foods and shorter lifespan. Many agro-ecosystems are simplified
and poorer than most natural ecosystems. In many cases farming has not been
sustainable and farmers undermined the long-term sustainability of their own
production. </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/12/author-joseph-kinsey-howard-describes.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The plow, in particular, has a very
bad reputation</span></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> There are strong indications that many ancient civilizations collapsed
as a result of bad farming practices. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">But it may be the case
that it is exactly because the civilizations where powerful and centralized that
the farming systems were less sustainable. The farmers in these civilizations
were under a triple pressure. First they should not only feed themselves but
also big numbers of soldiers, lords, priests and others. Second they had to pay
taxes or rent to the central authority and third, they had to supply the
central powers with labor. This forced farmers to overexploit the resources
including their land and their own bodies. It also made it impossible to invest
in either the land or the farming system as a whole, condemning farmers to a
rather miserable life. </span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_xNDBYFQbrQEo_xKkws_vr5_eLF7V7b8-dcxgOoQHbscdIrsm1XY0dSkzM6zvUrtwoCAqWAxsFNvCAzlwlq6vcsJIuPH2BdKtSvBbl5xYce479GORGpwWkEg_tfc72-HxPA_LFT46Wr-15ctSrOyQLcvCplYtJDTairsF04GXXNVvTUW5VucDZH6y/s1600/Samoa%20Feb%202010%20(6).JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_xNDBYFQbrQEo_xKkws_vr5_eLF7V7b8-dcxgOoQHbscdIrsm1XY0dSkzM6zvUrtwoCAqWAxsFNvCAzlwlq6vcsJIuPH2BdKtSvBbl5xYce479GORGpwWkEg_tfc72-HxPA_LFT46Wr-15ctSrOyQLcvCplYtJDTairsF04GXXNVvTUW5VucDZH6y/s320/Samoa%20Feb%202010%20(6).JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Farmer selling bananas, Samoa, Photo: Gunnar Rundgren<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In contrast, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>many if not most, traditional and indigenous
agriculture system have been sustainable and adapted themselves to changes in
climate and population over centuries and even millennia. The farming
households produced for their own needs and the local market and the cycle of
nutrients was self-contained within the system; production and consumption were
more or less the same. Many of the rice growing cultures in Asia have remained
productive for a very long time. Forest gardens, silvopastoral systems in the
Mediterranean, ruminant agriculture of Western Europe, chinampas by the Aztec,
Hopi farming, transhumance and many other examples show that sustainability “was
so self-evident that people did not even need a word or a theory for it” as
expressed by environmental historian Joachim Radkau in </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/history/environmental-history/nature-and-power-global-history-environment"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Nature and Power</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. Still today, there are many farmers
demonstrating that it certainly is possible to farm in some kind of harmony
with nature. We know quite well how to do it and a better understanding of the
soil and its properties can lead to improved methods. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">*</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Even worse than arable
farming, in the view of George Monbiot, is the grazing of cattle or sheep because
this requires a lot of land. He writes: </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“While 1% of the world’s land is used for buildings and infrastructure,
crops occupy 12% and grazing, the most extensive kind of farming, uses 28%.
Only 15% of the land, by contrast, is protected for nature. Yet the meat and milk
from animals that rely solely on grazing provide just 1% of the world’s
protein.“ </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">But the figures Monbiot
present are dubious or simply inaccurate. To determine how much grassland there
is on the planet is tricky and it is even more difficult to ascertain how much
of the grassland that is actually grazed by domestic livestock. </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-20406-7"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A recent article in Nature</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> by Jinfeng Chang and colleagues estimates that
there is almost 5 billion hectares of grasslands in the world, but that only
1.6 billion hectares are grazed by domestic animals – that is only 12% of the
world’s land area, not even half of the area claimed by Monbiot. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The statement that
only 1 % of the world’s protein comes from animals that rely <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">solely</i> on grazing comes from </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/downloads/reports/fcrn_gnc_report.pdf"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">a report</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> which also clarifies that this is not a very
relevant figure. While it is true that nowadays many grazing animals also get
some supplements or that in cold or dry climates they often get hay or silage
part of the year, grazing still provides </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211912416300013"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">55 % of the feed</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> of all ruminants (cattle, sheep, goats etc.)
which in turn provides more than 15% of the protein in human diets, grazing
thus provides around 8% of the world’s protein, eight times the figure used by
Monbiot. It is also a protein of very high quality and bio availability. The
vilifying of grazing animals is also not supported by the </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.footprintnetwork.org/resources/data/"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ecological footprint</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> calculations where grazing lands comprise just
5% of humanities ecological footprint, while croplands and forestry have much
bigger ecological footprints. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It is true that only
15% of the land is protected areas, but approximately 27% of the protected
areas are grasslands and many of them are grazed by domestic animals. In
Sweden, where I live, almost all protected areas are in the mountains and are
grazed by domestic reindeer. The semi-natural grasslands of Europe </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10531-013-0537-x"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">are considered very important for
bio-diversity</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> and the
considerable reduction in grassland area the last seventy years is a major
problem from a nature conservation perspective. Most of the grasslands used in
the world and most of the sheep and cattle are not part of any industrial
livestock production. A big share is managed by pastoralists and their
livestock management entails a lot more than just producing meat, wool or milk.
The undifferentiated attack on livestock in general and on grazing livestock in
particular is therefore an assault on the livelihood and culture of between 100
and 200 </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03066150.2020.1802249"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">million people in more than 100
countries</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. Pastoralists
are important ecosystem managers; as a result of pastoralism “biological
diversity is enhanced and ecosystem integrity and resilience is maintained”, </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.iucn.org/theme/ecosystem-management/our-work/global-drylands-initiative/iucns-work-drylands/world-initiative-sustainable-pastoralism-wisp/pastoralist-portal/pastoralism"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">according to IUCN</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. Another important role for hundreds of
million oxen, horses, buffalos and camels is to carry loads, pull carts and
plows and thereby helping farmers to grow more crops. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">George Monbiot cites </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1711842115#fig01"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">that just 4% of the world’s mammals,
by weight, are wild</span></a></span><span class="dcr-xry7m2"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">; humans account for 36%, and livestock for the
remaining 60% (interesting enough the weight of arthropods is ten times more
than the weight of livestock and the weight of all the organisms in a living
soil is much higher than any animals grazing on the land). Most people using
these figures and probably most people hearing them, draw the conclusion that
domestic livestock has squeezed out wild animals. But that is a far too
simplistic assumption. For sure, there are many cases where the expansion of
farming causes habitat destruction and loss of wild life. But in many cases
hunting is the number one reason for reduction of populations of wild life. (</span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">There is a difference between the causes of
extinction of species and the causes of reduction of populations of mammals and
fish. Habitat loss caused by expansion of agriculture, forestry and other human
activities is the major reason for extinction of species while hunting/fishing
is the main reason for reduction in populations<span class="dcr-xry7m2">). Only
one third of the grasslands of the world are grazed by domestic livestock and
the reason there are few wild animals on the rest of the land is that they have
been hunted for centuries. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="dcr-xry7m2"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In
Sweden the number of wild animals have increased tremendously the last 200
years. In the mid-19th century there were just a few hundred roe deer, moose
and red deer and now there are around 300,000, 240,000 and 26,000 respectively.
Wild boars had been exterminated in the 17th century and now there are some
350,000. Beavers were gone by 1870 and now we have 100,000. Hunting of cranes
and swans have just started again as their numbers are causing problems. Even
the predators are making comeback. Meanwhile, the number of people, pigs and
poultry has increased many times and the number of cattle is more or less the
same. This remarkable comeback of wild life is a result of many factors, but
hunting regulations is the most important one. For fisheries and whaling the
role of hunting and overexploitation is perhaps even more obvious than for the
land living animals. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="dcr-xry7m2"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">To
make general statements that grazing livestock is good or bad is pointless. The
local context determines which role grazing livestock can and should play in
the food and agriculture system. Grazing can be managed in a good or bad way. In
general, grazing is a system of food production that requires a lot of land but
the main reasons for its low productivity is that exactly that it leaves a lot
of living space for other life under, on and above the soil. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">*</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Veganic horticulture
may work under specific conditions, and even more so if humanure is
re-circulated to the fields. Ian Tolhurst, the farmer mentioned in the article,
is well known for being a very good farmer. His veganic cropping system uses according
to his own statement </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FWA-gIPQugE&t=440s"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">400 cubic meters of wood chips</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> annually. While it is independent of any
animals it is still dependent on additional land use and out-of-farm resources.
It is therefore hard to see that this system is superior from a land-use
perspective than a system with crops and animals integrated. The fact that
there has been no single veganic food system in the word is a clear indication
that it isn’t more resource efficient than mixed systems. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Perennial grains have
been promoted for decades now and they are still quite far from being
competitive on a commercial scale. If George Monbiot is concerned about the
land use for agriculture, he should be concerned by the fact that they yield of
Kernza, the only perennial grain so far in advance stages of development, </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://landinstitute.org/media-coverage/kernza-research-trials-to-begin/"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">is about one quarter of the yield of
wheat</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. Ironically, one
of the arguments for Kernza is that, in addition to the small grain crop, it </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://grow.cals.wisc.edu/departments/living-science/kernza-perennial-crop-with-perks"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">also produce a lot of forage</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. That means that the advantage of Kernza is
dependent on ruminant livestock, exactly those animals that Monbiot wants to cull.
</span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://smallfarmfuture.org.uk/?p=724"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">There is nothing wrong with
perennial crops, on the contrary they are good, but they are no silver bullet
for feeding the world</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The claims of
environmental benefits of bacterial protein, fermentation of fats, indoor farms
and other novel tech foods are not backed by facts. The main reason is the
energy, water and land nexus. </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308521X17307151"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In-door production of lettuce requires
in the range of 2000 kWh per square meter growing area</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> (more is required for the production of
tomatoes or potatoes). </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://yearbook.enerdata.net/electricity/world-electricity-production-statistics.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Only 1.5 square meter per capita of
such production would consume the total global production of electricity</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, which in itself shows how absurd the idea is
that it could “feed the world”. While water and land are possibly “saved” at the
site of production, the land and water footprint of energy production is huge.
Exactly how big varies considerably between the various forms of energy and how
you calculate. The “saving” of water is also questionable in many cases as <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/sponsored/vmware-2017/burger-water/1802/">advocates
of tech food routinely compare the use of drinking water with rain</a> when
they tell us how much water they save. Rain falling on fields is not saved in
any meaningful sense if you abandon the field or plant forest on it. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">One of the promising
new laboratory techniques </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/jan/08/lab-grown-food-destroy-farming-save-planet"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">mentioned by George Monbiot</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> is hydrogen oxidized bacterial protein from
electricity. The technology is actually known since the 1960s and has not taken
off because of the prohibitive costs. In a </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221191241830141X"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">research article</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> it is concluded, that only the cost of energy
required to produce microbial protein is higher than the price of soybeans,
even if capital and other operational costs are not taken into account. The
production of 1 kg of microbial biomass would require 10 kWh of electricity. </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://solarfoods.fi/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Solein-Q_and-A_FULL.pdf"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">On an energy basis it will require
five times as much energy to produce the bacterial biomass than is contained in
the product.</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> The
electricity needed “to feed the world” with this kind of product would be more
than the total electricity production in the world according to my
calculations. And you would still need to produce the fat, the
carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins and mix them into something that you could
call “food”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Of course, there are constantly
new technologies being promoted, and once you have debunked the environmental
credentials of one of them a new one is promoted with promises of
sustainability. But it is wise to be skeptical. Quorn remains the only real
“lab food” that has reached commercial scale and it is based on technologies known
for a century by now. Judging from its hefty price it can hardly be more resource
efficient to produce than beans or even tofu and meat. The health effects of tech
food products are uncertain and untested. Undoubtedly they will increase even
more the share of </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/what-are-ultra-processed-foods-and-are-they-bad-for-our-health-2020010918605"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ultraprocessed foods</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> as most lab foods products are single
ingredients and not food. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tech food ingredients
can be seen as a refinement, a continuation of the conventional industrial
agriculture system. To confine fungi in a vat to convert corn into Quorn is not
much different than industrial chicken production (but better for the chicken).
The food system is already working by converting crops and sometimes livestock
into ingredients which are put together and constantly reformulated in to brand
products. But in my view, this development is already a mistake and instead of
continuing on this path, we need new directions for the food system, something
I have elaborated in many of articles as well as in my book Global Eating
Disorder. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">*</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Considering that
George Monbiot is a staunch opponent of capitalism, it is hard to understand
that he can’t see that many of the ills of farming, that he rightly describes,
are not a result of farming as such but of capitalism. Industrial livestock
systems, giant monocultures where whole landscapes are dedicated to one crop,
be it soy, corn, oil palm, tomato, wine or olives, the massive use of
pesticides and chemical fertilizers, and the linear nutrient flow of the
industrial food systems are all features of capitalism. Capitalism also plays
an important role in deforestation in </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03066150.2019.1604510"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Brazil</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> and </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://redd-monitor.org/2020/08/21/guest-post-forests-carbon-markets-and-capitalism-how-deforestation-in-indonesia-became-a-geo-political-hornets-nest/"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Indonesia</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. In a similar way as farmers in the huge
empires were forced to compromise the integrity of their farming system to
supply the empire with manpower, materials, taxes and tithes, modern farms
shape their production after the “market demand” (which has little to do with
consumer demand). In the modern world, the pressure from the state is largely
replaced with the pressures of the global market which forces farmers to
constantly reduce costs and replace their circular and sustainable food systems
with linear commodity production. “Capitalism, which sounds so reasonable when
explained by a mainstream economist, is in ecological terms nothing but a
pyramid scheme.” Words by George Monbiot in </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/30/capitalism-is-killing-the-planet-its-time-to-stop-buying-into-our-own-destruction"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">an article in the Guardian October
2021.</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The factory foods that
Monbiot promotes are just a final step in the total capitalist transformation
of the food system and will (if they ever become commercially viable)
contribute even more to this than conventional farming. The output is not food
but commodity ingredients for industrial food products. The processes are
standardized and technocratic requiring massive investments and high use of energy.
If they will work as envisioned, they will release the food industry from the
dependency of the weather, the farmers and the land, i.e. everything that is
living. While Monbiot and other eco-modernists see this as something positive
which will allow us to ”save nature” it is removing humanity even one step more
from nature and the living and puts even more of our life under corporate
control. And there is no evidence whatsoever that any nature will be saved by
these new technologies. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">To increase the distance
between humans and the living world which is also our life support system is
bound to aggravate the separation between humans and nature with devastating
result for both humans and the rest of the living world. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">*</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A couple of years ago I participated in a panel with </span></span>Walter Willett, George Monbiot, Hindou Oumarou Ibrahim, Julia Lernoud which can be seen here: https://www.globallandscapesforum.org/video/is-lab-grown-food-a-solution-to-the-climate-crisis/</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span>Gunnar Rundgrenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11869055229248959119noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7377497904882186501.post-3749785491860939542022-05-16T00:11:00.000-07:002022-05-16T00:11:00.020-07:00Landskap - a model for the future?<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-after: avoid;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>The Swedish word <i>landskap</i> can mean the same as the
English landscape. It was also the word for the old counties of Sweden,
administrative units that go back some thousand years. In the landskap people
determined the laws and took decisions in the yearly <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thing_(assembly)#Sweden">thing</a></i>.
We find the same suffix</span> <i><span>-skap</span></i><span> in words like <i>äktenskap</i> (marriage), <i>vänskap</i> (friendship), <i>gemenskap</i> (community), <i>grannskap</i> (neighborhood), medborgarskap
(citizenship) and <i>vetenskap</i> (science,
what we know). It is related to the old English <i>ship</i> as it is used for friendship. It signifies that what we have
in common. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-after: avoid;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3JwC-P5RN1-6sw64sS-0yYVIiYbWR7MnnBmETTdEog1oEIoszKi3dNtJPfdAF3Qtdvay3dmQASdgbLgmmJQ7rCnHljO0-jcbrZE6QO_p04p8By-nfW4YFeYvLsBBOUB9xOtmdMBnv7Oa-J9XjX5rd2XfROnQEhjDAjw6DNalWhe5XNCgvTNEnTB0l/s1600/Runestone_Skansen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3JwC-P5RN1-6sw64sS-0yYVIiYbWR7MnnBmETTdEog1oEIoszKi3dNtJPfdAF3Qtdvay3dmQASdgbLgmmJQ7rCnHljO0-jcbrZE6QO_p04p8By-nfW4YFeYvLsBBOUB9xOtmdMBnv7Oa-J9XjX5rd2XfROnQEhjDAjw6DNalWhe5XNCgvTNEnTB0l/s320/Runestone_Skansen.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Av Hermann A.M. Mucke - Eget arbete, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2217785</td></tr></tbody></table><br /></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-after: avoid;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Land is also another word for
nature. <i>Landskap,</i> therefore, is the
nature we have together, where we live. The word express that we are part of
the landscape and that the landscape is part of us. The ”us” in the <i>landskap</i> are the people living there,
not the people owning property or mines there or a distant state claiming
dominion. A <i>landskap</i> has certain
properties and it is limited in geographic area and people are part of it. In
living landscapes the divide between nature and culture is therefore
meaningless. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; page-break-after: avoid;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>The whole notion of <i>landskap</i> is in contradiction with the
modern capitalist society in many, many ways. Profiteering and inequality are
not only unfortunate by-products of capitalism but essential parts of it. But
equally problematic, or even more so, is the rift between man and nature and
between producer and consumer. They are not only separated in person but also
in place, so that one person in one place commands resources in a totally
different location and that one person in one place consumes stuff produced by
someone else in another location. All this is mediated by a currency that makes
all things interchangeable and therefore also deprived of meaning - money. In
addition, the separation both in place and in context means that ecological
cycles are broken. e.g. the humanure can’t be circulated back to the land from
which the food came from or livestock manure is accumulating in feed importing
countries while soils are mined in food exporting countries. In a rather similar
way social cohesion is also broken. Of course, the even bigger cycle of carbon
in the biosphere is disturbed even more through the extraction of fossil fuels,
also an integral component of the capitalist market economy</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Conscientious
consumers try to avoid cookies made from palm oil, mobile phones with conflict
minerals or t-shirts made by semi-slaves in distant countries. But in the end, </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2017/01/reducing-consumption-and-local-exchange.html"><span lang="EN-US">the only way to be a responsible
consumer in a global capitalist society is to opt out of it as much as possible</span></a></span><span>. And here the concept of <i>landskap </i>comes in handy. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Obviously, the
post-viking age of <i>landskap</i> was no
ideal world as power structures and power cultures prevented people from
drawing the full benefits. Feudal societies were also often shaped around a
landscape. It is clear that things will not be all rosy as soon we organize us
according to landscapes. In the end, there will probably never exist a society
that has no flaws. Nevertheless, the <i>landskap</i>-society
has a good foundation for a socially and ecologically sustainable society where
there is a direct relation between man and nature and between man and fellow
humans. A landscape approach to our future society provides a frame for us to
be grounded, rooted or </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.eurozine.com/terrestrial-politics-interview-bruno-latour/"><span lang="EN-US">terrestrial</span></a></span><span>. </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span><span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Some may see the promotion of localization as
just one more expression of growing nationalism. But there is no reason at all
to see it that way. To develop a local community is something very different
than the nationalist project. While it is important to dissociate from
xenophobia I believe we also need to realize that there is some value in the
care for the local and close. Similarly, there are also values developed with
individualism and globalization which we should honor and care for. Even
markets and money may have some role to play in a localized world. The
difference would be that they (again) becomes tools for accomplishments rather
than <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_monopoly">radical
monopolies</a> that dictates life and death. </span></span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Read also:</span></span> </span><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2019/08/towards-landscape-diet-and-communal.html">Towards a landscape diet and communal landscape management</a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>This post is part of a series of post inspired by our forthcoming book, <i>The hippos of Pablo Escobar. </i> <br /></span></span></span></p>
Gunnar Rundgrenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11869055229248959119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7377497904882186501.post-30033391733409514092022-04-27T01:20:00.003-07:002022-04-27T01:22:14.684-07:00Being nature<span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">We (my wife Ann-Helen
and I) just finished (well almost), the manuscript of a book on man and nature
titled <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The hippos of Pablo Escobar</i>.
It is of course an almost impossible topic to write about. Despite being the
foundation of ”natural science</span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-020-0390-y"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">” there is no definition or common agreement about
what nature is</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. It is
ironical that one of the most prestigious scientific journals is named Nature. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Nevertheless we cover
a lot of ground in the book and address issues and questions such as: </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">What is wilderness, and is it a meaningful
category? </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Why do we make so many categories of animals,
wild, tame, invasive, feral and why are Pablo Escobar’s hippos causing
conflict?</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Can we even talk about human individuals in a
meaningful way when we are totally dependent on other organisms (the concept of
holobionts) as well as, human society (the superorganism)?</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Is there virtue in de-extinction and rewilding?
</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjccBQwgPqR16vDvgDIX4QyzQtydTa2NcHS8wdp3Ndn0KVg1TnzDLBgeqPd-qvng_HENkSprmbGe5xtz2Oyk_4HzpWAP9OYVwlKCWIO0yAIYm2gsP-gMxJ1XjOHmH0G8pG6jmwwH9oN7q3xxKb73CfexPt7P0Q0cR0XtJtrHWeSJ5YRsVgaVrFcX6Lp/s522/Skogsmaskin-1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="383" data-original-width="522" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjccBQwgPqR16vDvgDIX4QyzQtydTa2NcHS8wdp3Ndn0KVg1TnzDLBgeqPd-qvng_HENkSprmbGe5xtz2Oyk_4HzpWAP9OYVwlKCWIO0yAIYm2gsP-gMxJ1XjOHmH0G8pG6jmwwH9oN7q3xxKb73CfexPt7P0Q0cR0XtJtrHWeSJ5YRsVgaVrFcX6Lp/w400-h294/Skogsmaskin-1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A forest harvester, photo Gunnar Rundgren<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br />We apply an ecological
lens to the role of humans in the Earth system and show how the energy
metabolism of the average human now equals a 10 ton King Kong. Meanwhile we
also apply an economic lens in our narrative of the development of forestry and
agriculture. The combination of ecological conditions and economic conditions
have huge explanatory power. </span></span><p></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In the last part of
the book we discuss the various tools and policies that are used or proposed
for management of our role in nature/our use of nature, such as: </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The rights of nature (legal concepts)</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Is nature protection, such as protected areas
and species protection, working well, and what are the criteria for assessment
of that? (conservation concepts)</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Local nature stewardship (governance concepts)</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Paying for ecosystem services, climate
compensation and Polluter Pay Principle (market concepts)</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A deeper relationship in/with nature
(philosophical concepts)</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Working in nature (being nature)</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYhGpVQeTrjmnR8V9dQqoG_RKhZhCdfnmnMshI_q5bCEOlq6N50VVLS3NVLnsbsDULstLZ6bXw5Q9uY1cD4nN32IB3uJrlyVVPZKIkeMd-8GnQkUbzuxFWczcR3XBpGfCB11EZhxsuC5UIXnpRwiGHL2GbPDceBiFCzJsPDgetyenmq-Mu4ffvIa-3/s2048/DSC_1740.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1371" data-original-width="2048" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYhGpVQeTrjmnR8V9dQqoG_RKhZhCdfnmnMshI_q5bCEOlq6N50VVLS3NVLnsbsDULstLZ6bXw5Q9uY1cD4nN32IB3uJrlyVVPZKIkeMd-8GnQkUbzuxFWczcR3XBpGfCB11EZhxsuC5UIXnpRwiGHL2GbPDceBiFCzJsPDgetyenmq-Mu4ffvIa-3/w400-h268/DSC_1740.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bossa and Bosse in restored grasslands on our farm, photo: Gunnar Rundgren<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In a few coming posts
I will raise some of the topics of the book. First out: Should we withdraw from
nature or live in it? </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">These days many people
seem to have the opinion that Man is a plague on earth and that the only chance
nature (or humans or both?) has is to withdraw from nature, leave it alone,
possibly after we first restored it. This is echoed in demands for rewilding
and </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.half-earthproject.org/"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">half earth</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> (i.e. that half of the planet should be set
aside for nature). Another versions of this perspective is a call for further
urbanization or even space colonization. The pursuit of lab grown food is also
an expression of this perspective. The ultimate withdrawal is of course </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://whatistranshumanism.org/#are-transhumanist-technologies-environmentally-sound"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">transhumanism</span></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, where we also leave
our bodies behind</span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. The same
people may not necessarily embrace all of these. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">While there are merits
(and also a number of pitfalls) in rewilding and protected areas we believe we
should pay more attention to the used landscape and how to integrate other
species and ecosystem functions in the farmscape, managed forests as well as
urban and peri-urban green areas. Space colonization, lab foods and continued
urbanization are just delusions and diversions as the ecological foot print of
cities, labs and space travel is enormous. No matter how green the city is it
draws on the resources of the countryside and large cities are ecological
sewage pools where all sorts of resources are concentrated and wasted. Because they
are constructed by the logic of a globalized capitalism they can’t be integrated
in local ecosystems, they can just draw on its resources. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">While many people seem
to believe that withdrawal from nature is a method to save nature, it just
amplifies the separation which is at the core of the current environmental
disaster. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Just because you are not
fishing, logging or farming yourself, it doesn’t mean that fish, land or
forests are saved. The main result of withdrawal is an even deeper ecological
illiteracy.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Instead of seeking, in
vain, to separate humans and their society even more from nature, we believe
that humans should re-embed its society in the natural world. Instead of
seeking independence and individual “freedom” we should embrace our dependency
of other organisms and ecosystems. The best way to do that is that many more
people are actively participating in the management of </span><span lang="SV"><a href="http://ecotope.org/people/ellis/papers/ellis_2008.pdf"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">the anthropogenic biomes</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> which already dominate the planet. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Even though our record
in many regards is abysmal, humans are not ecological villains by definition.
Even farming, which today is the scapegoat for all ills and called </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/the-worst-mistake-in-the-history-of-the-human-race"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the worst mistake humans ever made</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, is not necessarily harmful for the
environment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We tend to look at the
failure of many civilizations caused by erosion or other bad farming practices.
But most civilizations for which we have records were authoritarian and
centralized where peasants had to overexploit their lands to pay taxes, tithes
or rents as well as supplying the cities with charcoal or timber. Farms were also
short in labor because the state or lords conscripted men to the army, to build
temples or pyramids and women to be servants. The current industrial farming
system shaped by capitalist markets is another example how harmful agriculture
can be. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Instead of only
looking to those failures we should be inspired human settlements and cultures
which have been sustainably for centuries, even millennia. Many indigenous
people practiced sustainable farming or livestock husbandry in immense
variation adapted to local conditions. But also traditional farming systems
have in many places of the world been surprisingly stable and able to adjust to
changes in climate, embrace new crops and methods, for example the Asian
production systems described by King in </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/5350"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Farmers of forty centuries</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, or the </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yhUCXfQXUoA"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">forest gardens</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> of many tropical countries. Semi-natural
grasslands have been sustainably managed for thousands of years in Scandinavia
and elsewhere </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10531-021-02145-3"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">and are in addition incredibly
bio-diverse</span></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> landscapes</span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Modern farmers, foresters
and fishermen are often criticized by conservationists and environmentalists,
for many good reasons. But how they farm, log or fish is a product of our
society, and it is not fair to blame them for doing what was expected by them
and encouraged by the government, food industries and supermarket (don’t tell
me consumers asked for it though!). One can’t expect them to do a lot better as
long as they are producing commodities for a market which just appreciate the
lowest price. Meanwhile they are the ecological engineers, the environmental
managers, of the anthropogenic biomes and it is essential that they are
motivated to change, not primarily through increasingly tougher environmental
regulations, but by re-defining their role and rewarding nature stewardship. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Other local people
than the land owners should also to a much larger extent have a say in how “their”
nature is being managed. One of the best ways is to engage more people in those
activities that link us to nature. From logging to cooking. When Robin Wall
Kimmerer is asked what one thing she would recommend to restore relationship
between land and people, her answer is almost always, “plant a garden”. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“Something essential happens in a vegetable garden. It’s a place where
if you can’t say ‘I love you’ out loud, you can say it in seeds. And the land
will reciprocate, in beans” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(from
Braiding Sweetgrass)</i></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The abstract
scientific knowledge of nature and ecology obviously have merits, but real
understanding of nature will also always need direct relationships between
humans and nature. The sustainable and gainful interaction between humans and
the rest of the living world will not be created on a drawing board but rather
be developed by people being grounded, being terrestrial, being nature. To get
your hands dirty is even good for your health. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></p>
Gunnar Rundgrenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11869055229248959119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7377497904882186501.post-58968535423443004812022-01-30T06:55:00.009-08:002022-01-31T02:25:10.593-08:00Why we will never run out of work<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">As little as our desires will ever be satisfied
in a capitalist economy, the demand for work will never cease. They are both
intrinsically linked to the same phenomenon: a society built on the expansion
of capital.</span></i></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">“If you think about
the economy, it is — the foundation of the economy is labor. Capital equipment
is distilled labor. So what happens if you don’t actually have a labor
shortage? I’m not sure what an economy even means at that point, said </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2022/01/27/musk-tesla-robot-top-priority-for-new-product-development-this-year.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Elon Musk when he presented the
fourth quarter earnings of 2021 and told media that Tesla’s attention now would
be the development of a humanoid robot.</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> I am no certainly no muskist, on the contrary.
He probably wanted to sidetrack those wondering where the Cybertruck and budget
Teslas are. And I think he is wrong in his assumption that robots would eliminate
labor shortage. But his question what a capitalist economy would even mean if robots
were endless in supply is to the point. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">But why do we work in
the first place? </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In the outskirts of
the Russian city of Vladimir, the excavation of a 30 000 year old grave
revealed two children which were placed head-to-head. They were adorned with
elaborate goods including more than 10,000 mammoth ivory beads, more than 20
armbands, about 300 pierced fox teeth and 16 ivory mammoth spears. One estimate
is that it would have taken 10 000 hours to produce the beads alone. Did
those making this consider that all that effort to be work, leisure or artistry?
I guess they wouldn’t even understand the question or that we would understand
their response. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It is presently well
established that foraging societies (hunter and gatherers) could satisfy their
basic needs by working rather few hours and they still had an energy surplus.
This was a result of their skills in making tools, cooking that allowed them to
utilize foods more efficiently and their social organization. In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Work: A History of How We Spend our Time,</i>
anthropologist James Suzman, explains the adornments of the grave in Vladimir
with the energy surplus of their economy. This energy surplus has to be spent
one way or the other. To become obese is certainly not a winning strategy for a
mobile hunter or a marathon walking gatherer. Instead people spent their energy
on gossiping, developing mythologies, language and art as well as ritual (rarely
fatal) combats with neighbors. So humans are bound to work, to spend energy as
a result of her efficient capturing of resources. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Work as a distinct category
of occupation develops with settlement, agriculture and hierarchies.
Agriculture, especially in very seasonal climates requires planning over years,
storage of food, feed and seeds. An even bigger step was the introduction of
salaried work, which is strongly linked to the emergence of cities, money and
market as well as a more unequal and hierarchical society. Those agrarian civilizations
could capture a much bigger share of the solar energy from a given area
compared to foragers. But they also needed to work harder. Not only did farmers
have to work more than foragers for their own food needs, they also had to
produce surpluses for a growing number of professionals, rulers, priests and
servants in the city. The increased work enabled by increasing energy resources
was also channeled into the construction of palaces, temples and other
monuments. According to Suzman, war was also a way both to spend energy,
protect the energy resources or increase them. While agrarian civilizations had
access to more energy they were also threatened by failed harvests, natural
disasters and attacks from competing civilizations. This induced them to
prepare for scarcity e.g. by having central granaries for food storage. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiUmxiiv4pouOpLuNLH6HgbT-5QjEjAeYO8Cy22oq28PdN7UcRXJ1OG0JA6dUAsCfMN-YY5Vt__qZjdhIkGu9r9ig5bdo0faeXL5Zynf_g1rNZOS9JuU7A3R6ZpKfdTsnJPIJWKDlhubAwPPzLpgYQ_mH5HGkfVKOdp7D16nMYtARnCHTUYdwgWY129=s1024" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="680" data-original-width="1024" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiUmxiiv4pouOpLuNLH6HgbT-5QjEjAeYO8Cy22oq28PdN7UcRXJ1OG0JA6dUAsCfMN-YY5Vt__qZjdhIkGu9r9ig5bdo0faeXL5Zynf_g1rNZOS9JuU7A3R6ZpKfdTsnJPIJWKDlhubAwPPzLpgYQ_mH5HGkfVKOdp7D16nMYtARnCHTUYdwgWY129=w400-h266" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Susan Mkandawire tends her plot in Kasisi, Zambia, Phota Richard Mulonga</span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /> </span></span><p></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The next huge step in
the development of work was the industrial revolution, which turned the
majority of the populations into paid workers. The industrial revolution was
largely driven by the increased use of fossil fuels, first coal, later oil and
gas. With machinery driven by fossil fuels, one person could produce a lot more
than before, but still they worked as much or even more than before.* Suzman’s
theory of surplus energy as a driver of the restless occupation of humans
doesn’t really explain why this to such a large extent is directed towards paid
work and less to leisure activities, rituals or art. Why doesn’t anybody spend
years of their lives adorning their children’s graves? For an understanding of
that we need to match the increase of energy resources with the emergence of
capitalism. Here I leave Suzman’s narrative. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Even if it is called
the industrial revolution its biggest accomplishment was a revolution of the
productivity in agriculture. One might believe that the greatest changes in in
farming was the introduction of new methods and fertilizers and pesticides. But
the impact of mechanization dwarfs those other innovations. The increase in
labor productivity in grain farming is mind-boggling. In the 18th century it
took an average farm worker in Sweden 30 days to cut, dry and thresh one ton of
grain such as oats, rye, barley or wheat. Today a normal combine harvester do
that job in less than five minutes, and the </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.ivtinternational.com/news/agriculture/john-deere-brings-high-capacity-x-series-combines-to-europe.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">latest John Deere </span>X9 1100 <span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">combine have a capacity of up to 100
tons of wheat per hour</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.
Of course this dramatic increase of productivity is the result of the use of
fossil fuels. A full time agriculture worker in the US </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=18431"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">uses energy equal to around 70 barrels of oil
per year</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, and a lot
more in highly mechanized grain production. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">One would assume that
this enormous increase of productivity in agriculture would lead to a dramatic
decrease in hours worked. But most people that were made redundant in
agriculture went to factories or services where they worked even longer hour. As
populations increased in parallel with the industrial revolution the total
hours worked increased tremendously because the work that was to be done
increased simultaneously in a magic way. The mass unemployment that has been
feared with each new wave of industrialization and automation has so far not
materialized, </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2022/01/22/economists-are-revising-their-views-on-robots-and-jobs"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">on the contrary</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. There is actually a positive correlation
(don’t ask me to clarify causation though) between use of energy per capita and
employment; </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://ourfiniteworld.com/2012/09/17/the-close-tie-between-energy-consumption-employment-and-recession/"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">countries with high energy usage are
countries with have high levels of employment</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> and they are also wealthy countries. The whole
industrial epoch is characterized by increased use of energy and other natural
resources, increased work as well as increased consumption. In that sense Musk
is wrong to assume that manual labor will be made redundant by robots. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Simultaneously,
capital also increases at a rapid rate. The link between capital and labor was
clarified by John Stuart Mill already: “capital is the accumulated product of
past labor destined for the production of future wealth”. Which is basically
what both Musk and Marx say. Capital can increase through the extraction of
more surplus value per work hour or by increasing the number of hours worked.
The use of machines driven by external energy sources, primarily fossil fuels,
made it more convenient to increase productivity per hour worked than to
increase hours worked even more. To overwork people is mostly inefficient even
from a pure exploitative perspective.* </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">But while production
per worker can increase tremendously, the capacity of material consumption has
limits and so do natural resources. There are limits to how much food we can
consume and how many technological gadgets we want to buy. In addition, the
more productive a sector becomes and the more “mature” a market is, the less it
will generate any profit (again, look at farming). </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2018/09/competition-not-consumption-drives.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Capital, therefore, constantly need
new arenas for its growth, which after all is an imperative in a capitalist market
economy</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. Business
becomes more complex in a globalized world and companies need lawyers,
interpreters, asset managers, tax consultants, spin doctors and all sorts of
paper pushers. The service sector grows and jobs are created for private
occupations formerly mostly being not salaried work. Things like health care
and education expands dramatically, whether they are privatized or not. Every
stage of consumption and leisure are exploited. Even unemployment can become a
lucrative business for unemployment insurers, employment agencies, job coaches
and CV stylists. It is this mechanism that Musk misses and that his robots in
no way will change. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Our wants will never
be satisfied in a capitalist economy, and the demand for work will never cease.
They are both prerequisites for and results of the expansion of capital. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="SV"> </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">* In
the early phase of the industrial revolution working hours were long, probably
longer, and certainly harder, than in the agrarian society proceeding it. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Through the
activities of trade unions and political movements </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/working-hours#are-we-working-more-than-ever"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">working
hours have been reduced substantially</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> throughout the last
centuries, but the last fifty years little has happened in the advanced
economies</span><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span>Gunnar Rundgrenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11869055229248959119noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7377497904882186501.post-49943381288933914172022-01-18T06:08:00.000-08:002022-01-18T06:08:29.629-08:00To waste or to waist<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The metabolic food
waste – what is eaten over and above what we need – is of the same order of
magnitude as consumer food waste in western countries. And it is driven by the
same forces that drive food waste before the mouth. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sometimes I eat the
leftover in the pot in order to avoid food waste, But does it really reduce
waste? I recently mapped the carbon cycle of the Swedish food and agriculture
system from farm to fork. Well, even before farm and after the fork, the
research includes farm inputs (manure and other organic inputs as well as
bought-in feed) as well as sewage. To see the total flow is a useful tool for
increased understanding the system. The report and data is available </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.ksla.se/aktivitet/koll-pa-kolet/"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">here</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, in Swedish only.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">One of the many
interesting results was that the metabolic food waste, overeating, is as big as
what is normally called food waste at the consumer level. Expressed in energy
terms, which is a lot more relevant than weight, the amount of food supplied to
Swedish consumers amount to 3,200 kcal per person and day. Based on estimates
of real consumption, calculations based on human metabolism and sewage data as
well as calculations based on the weight of the population I come to the
conclusion that approximately 2,600 kcal are actually eaten. This means that food
waste before-the-mouth corresponds to 600 kcal, 19% of the supplied quantity.
Notably, not all of that is actually edible in the normal sense as it includes
coffee grounds, peels of fruits and vegetables, bone as well as excess frying
fat. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh-KUCcKqnx2YvFz-M_FqnEn7v4u8ZAWUMuGnl1P8J7kvP95kkYJYrV4eMywFe7LXCooaJWsoMBdJ3xlkl6oPLXvxUvt-pW856zcKdpe3Z-WqwrmUWQQido_o5GqReRRvpeTjslJeJ3pU1hZXMQwahLd3wD1oGdYcBi5jmu9LE_PPUXpapfl6uvuriq=s2048" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1365" data-original-width="2048" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh-KUCcKqnx2YvFz-M_FqnEn7v4u8ZAWUMuGnl1P8J7kvP95kkYJYrV4eMywFe7LXCooaJWsoMBdJ3xlkl6oPLXvxUvt-pW856zcKdpe3Z-WqwrmUWQQido_o5GqReRRvpeTjslJeJ3pU1hZXMQwahLd3wD1oGdYcBi5jmu9LE_PPUXpapfl6uvuriq=w320-h213" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">What's in your fridge, photo: Gunnar Rundgren & Ann-helen Meyer von Bremen</span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />The average
nutritional need is maximum 2,100 kcal. This means that 500 kcal, or 16% per
person and day is simply overconsumption contributing to expanding waists. On a
global scale calculations by Elisabetta Toti and colleagues, </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2019.00126/full"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">published in Frontiers in nutrition
2019</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, estimate that
140.7 million tons of food is overeaten of which almost half is consumed in
Europe, North America and Oceania. Of course this waste has the double effect
of both increasing obesity and environmental burden of food. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Is the consumer then
to blame? Not really. Of course, we can always blame persons and individuals
for all ills in the world, if they didn’t do this or that the world would be a
better place. But we need to realize that the role of the consumer in a market
economy is – to consume, to buy. All actors in the food system do their outmost
to maximize sales. It starts at the farm level where there is massive
overproduction of grains and soy which has to be sold one way or the other, as
processed food, as corn glycose syrup, as animal feed (which is in turn
converted to chicken, pork, milk or beef) or as biofuel. Food industries and
supermarkets have certainly no incentives to reduce their sales, on the
contrary. A recent </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://foodresearch.org.uk/publications/the-supermarket-system-balanced-on-a-knife-edge/"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">analysis of the supermarkets in Great
Britain</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> by professor
Lisa Jack concludes that: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">”left us with a food system characterised by over-purchasing,
over-eating, over-production and waste. Food is transferred to store cupboards
in consumers’ homes and then left unused; empty calories are stored in our
bodies; and edible food often ends up in bins.”</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Supermarkets,
governments and well-intended civil society organizations talk about nudging
the consumers to waste less food. But food waste and obesity share the same root
cause, a food system where (in particular ultraprocessed junk) food is too
cheap and where all parties are herding the end consumers towards buying more
and eating more. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">At the heart of both
the environmental crisis and the obesity crisis is the capitalist market economy.
It is the definition of capitalism that capital is multiplied. This is
accomplished by ever increasing production. And all that is produced ultimately
need to be consumed. After all, not only food is overconsumed, most goods and
services are overconsumed, be it clothes, mobile phones, cars or holiday trips.
Putting the burden or blame on consumers is a cover to conceal the workings of
capitalism and an ideological narrative by neo-liberal apologists. </span></span></p>
<p> </p>Gunnar Rundgrenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11869055229248959119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7377497904882186501.post-10160387536079054022022-01-03T06:33:00.001-08:002022-01-04T01:43:03.195-08:00From my pen<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjr2qMmrwHx1BlaqRaMN_ejj1vYWcDcMovTYQdLoaQmeiP6H-gNTKZYvpXhY2cvh9r8eNEV3v3OlGLhaiPqRZJG_YS5J7jmyoKe9ZgIOS8czTX5fZm4ZLxJsk0mgr5qps3K3OPDCLJ-htB-jVoWs2_awz4RWDw_iNPobuSE6ao3QaLdHny0EkIqjo4z=s4320" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2880" data-original-width="4320" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjr2qMmrwHx1BlaqRaMN_ejj1vYWcDcMovTYQdLoaQmeiP6H-gNTKZYvpXhY2cvh9r8eNEV3v3OlGLhaiPqRZJG_YS5J7jmyoKe9ZgIOS8czTX5fZm4ZLxJsk0mgr5qps3K3OPDCLJ-htB-jVoWs2_awz4RWDw_iNPobuSE6ao3QaLdHny0EkIqjo4z=s320" width="320" /></a></div><p><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dear readers, the blog is getting more attention. It has between 5,000 and 25,000 page views monthly. </span></p><p><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Below there
is a selection of Garden Earth blog articles. Articles that I am particularly fond of are <span style="background-color: #ffe599;">highlighted.</span> You can also use the search
function in the top left corner to search for a word. </span>
</p><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Last update:
2022-01-03</span></div>
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="SV" style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7377497904882186501#_Toc26970769"><span color="windowtext" style="display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1 dotted;">. </span></span><span color="windowtext" style="display: none; mso-hide: screen; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">7</span></a></span></span><br />
<h1 style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0cm;"></h1><div style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"> </span></div><h1 style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0cm;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc26970749"><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">My books</span></a><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2019/03/the-planet-of-cows.html">The
Planet of the Cows</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2018/03/can-we-cure-global-eating-disorder.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Can we cure the global eating disorder?</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2014/09/global-eating-disorder.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Global Eating Disorder</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2009/08/garden-earth-study-in-political-ecology.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Garden Earth – a study in political ecology and
ec...</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc26970750"><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Civilization critique and development
issues</span></a><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2021/12/knock-head-off-pedestal-and-raise-hand.html">Knock the Head off the pedestal and raise the Hand</a> <br /></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-peasant-and-washing-machine.html">The
peasant and the washing machine</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/10/7-billion-and-peak-child.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">7 Billion and Peak Child</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2013/11/is-farming-efficient.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Is farming efficient?</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2013/09/development-of-what-for-what.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Development - of what? for what?</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2013/07/chaotic-collapse-or-long-descent.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Chaotic collapse or long descent?</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2013/05/growth-is-gone-welcome-steady-state.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Growth is gone - welcome steady-state</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2013/04/peak-child-peak-capitalism.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Peak Child - Peak capitalism?</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-future-is-already-here.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">The future is already here</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2013/02/garden-earth-regenerative-society.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Garden Earth - a regenerative society</span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2012/12/increase-happiness-productivity.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Increase happiness productivity</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2012/12/ten-reasons-to-build-another-word.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Ten reasons to build another word</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2012/09/we-get-richer-also-without-growth.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">We get richer also without growth</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2012/06/what-does-sustainable-really-mean-in.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">What does sustainable really mean in an
unsustainable economy</span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2012/05/monuments-of-city-is-built-on-backs-of.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">The monuments of the city are built on the
backs of rural people</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2012/03/we-are-people-through-other-people.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">We are people through other people</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2012/03/technology-is-rarely-neutral.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Technology is rarely neutral</span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/09/poverty-property-and-profit.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Poverty, Property and Profit</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2009/09/we-are-part-of-nature.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">We are part of nature</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/07/value-social-capital-dont-put-price-on.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Value social capital - don't put a price on it</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/06/is-improved-transport-and-communication.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Is improved transport and communication a
blessing...</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/04/talking-walk.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Talking the walk</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/04/tragedy-of-tragedy-of-commons.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">The tragedy of the tragedy of commons</span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/04/post-peak-oil-and-post-growth-same.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Post peak oil and post-growth, the same?</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/03/when-economy-crashes-we-run-out-of-oil.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">When the economy crashes, we run out of oil and
na...</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/03/economic-growth-leads-to-scarcity-of.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Economic growth leads to a scarcity of time</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/03/how-to-change-complex-systems.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">How to change complex systems?</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2010/11/peasant-strategy.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">The peasant strategy</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2010/11/how-we-measure.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">How we measure</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2010/08/winners-and-losers.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Winners and losers</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2010/03/traditions-western-union-churches-and.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Traditions, Western Union, Churches and Taro</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2010/01/back-from-druk-yul.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Back from Druk Yul</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2009/11/small-is-not-only-beautiful-it-is.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Small is not only beautiful - it is productive
as ...</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2009/05/garden-earth-modern-civilization.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Garden Earth - a modern civilization</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2009/03/towards-new-materialism.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Towards a new materialism!</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc26970751"><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Market economy and capitalism</span></a><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2021/05/if-its-profitable-is-it-really.html">If It’s Profitable, Is It Really Sustainable?</a> <br /></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2019/04/a-tilted-market-is-normal-market.html">A
tilted market is the normal market</a></span></span></div><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2019/03/why-did-local-go-global.html">Why
did local go global?</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2018/12/the-singularity-is-already-here-it-is.html">The
Singularity is already here - it is the market...</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2018/09/competition-not-consumption-drives.html">Competition,
not consumption, drives global destruction</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/11/stop-pretending-there-are-only-winners.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Stop pretending there are only winners in the
glob...</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/11/tale-from-sandpit.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Tale from the sandpit</span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2017/04/there-is-no-neutral-market.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">There is no neutral market</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2016/01/food-as-business-is-second-fall-of-man.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Food as a business is the second fall of man</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2014/10/why-did-local-go-global.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Why did local go global?</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2014/01/world-milk-markets-how-2-percent-rule.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">World Milk Markets: How 2 percent rule the
rest.</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2013/09/why-competition-is-unsustainable.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Why competition is unsustainable</span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2013/05/capitalism-right-to-extract-wealth.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Capitalism: The right to extract wealth</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2013/02/a-pilgrimage-to-origin-of-global.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">A pilgrimage to the origin of global capitalism</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2012/05/dictatorship-of-intellectual-property.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">The dictatorship of intellectual property
rights</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/12/who-gave-you-your-property.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Who gave you your property?</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/11/money-only-way-to-assign-value-to.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Money: The only way to assign value to anything
is to sell it</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/09/market-is-not-management-system-for.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">The market is not a management system for the
plan...</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/05/capitalism-right-to-extract-wealth.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Capitalism: The right to extract wealth</span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/05/turning-water-into-wine-ooops-sorry-i.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Turning water into wine - ooops, sorry, I meant
do...</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/03/one-can-draw-lot-of-different.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">The wealth Pyramid - a sign of poverty</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/01/why-not-call-it-by-its-proper-name.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Why not call it by its proper name: theft.</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2010/09/time-to-retire.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Time to retire?</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2010/09/growth-as-symptom-and-not-problem.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Growth as a symptom and not a problem?</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc26970752"><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: SV;">Global trade</span></a><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2019/12/fast-noodles-or-resilience.html">Fast
noodles or resilience?</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2018/03/food-self-sufficiency-does-it-make-sense.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Food self-sufficiency – does it make sense?</span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2018/01/trading-away-our-future.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Trading away our future?</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2017/02/shipping-efficiency-and-emissions.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Shipping, efficiency and emissions</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2016/09/peak-globalization.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Peak Globalization</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2016/08/trade-in-food-its-competition-stupid.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Trade in food: It’s the competition, stupid</span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2016/06/food-trading-away-our-future-path-iv.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Food: trading away our future? - path IV</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2016/06/food-trading-away-our-future-part-iii.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Food: trading away our future - Part III</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2016/05/v-behaviorurldefaultvmlo.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Food: Trading away our future - part II</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2016/04/food-trading-away-or-future-part-i.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Food: Trading away our future? - Part I</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;">Milk: the
global market works as it should - but we don’t like the results</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2013/09/groundbreaking-innovations-shopping.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Groundbreaking innovations: the shopping cart
and the container</span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2009/07/shrinking-marginal-benefits-of.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Shrinking marginal benefits of globalisation?</span></a></span></span></div><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">
</span><br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc26970753"><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Nature and environment</span></a><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2018/04/meaning-more-than-value-is-key-for-our.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Meaning more than value is key for our relation
wi...</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2018/04/how-cleanliness-and-efficiency-obscure.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">How cleanliness and efficiency obscure our
relation with nature...</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2012/08/to-respect-nature-is-to-respect.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">To respect nature is to respect ourselves</span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/08/man-more-dependent-on-nature-than-ever.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Man: more dependent on nature than ever</span></a></span></span></div><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/08/market-is-not-management-system-for.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">The Market is not a management system for the
plan...</span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2010/10/man-giveth-and-he-taketh-away.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Man giveth and he taketh away</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2010/09/environmentalists-paradox.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">The Environmentalist's paradox</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2009/12/our-garden-earth.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Taking care of the garden</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2009/07/god-and-nature.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">God and nature</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<h1>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc26970754"><span lang="SV">Energy</span></a><span lang="SV"></span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2014/01/food-water-and-energy-competing-and.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Food, Water and Energy - competing and
converging.</span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2013/03/energy-efficient-food-production-sure.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Energy-efficient food production – sure but
within reason</span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2013/02/energy-is-substance-of-economy.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Energy is the substance of the economy</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2013/01/eroei-for-dummies.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">EROEI for dummies</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2012/06/why-oil-price-and-grain-price-follow.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Why oil price and grain price follow each other</span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/10/energy-squeeze-is-it-trap-cliff-or-just.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Energy squeeze, Is it a trap, a cliff or just a
si...</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/08/agriculture-how-cheap-energy-and.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Agriculture: How cheap energy (and capitalism)
inc...</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/05/renewables-dangerously-positive-news.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Renewables: Dangerously positive news</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/03/normal-0-false-false-false.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Energy and agriculture</span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/03/energythe-big-picture.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Energy:the big picture</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/03/250-billion-energy-slaves.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">250 billion energy slaves</span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/03/humans-and-energy-long-view.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Humans and energy - the long view</span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2010/08/barrel-of-oil-ton-of-maize.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">A barrel of oil: a ton of maize</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<h1>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc26970755"><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Climate</span></a><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2021/11/cop26-omitting-real-emission-driver.html">COP26: omitting the real emission driver</a> <br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;"> <span lang="SV"><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2021/08/nitrogen-fertilizer-is-not-climate.html">Nitrogen fertilizer is not a climate solution</a> <br /></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="SV"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2019/01/you-say-you-love-your-children-above.html">You
say you love your children above all else, and yet you are stealing their
future</a></span></span> <br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2019/11/there-is-no-such-thing-as-business-as.html">There
is no such thing as a business as usual scenario</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/03/climate-blindness.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Climate; doing the things right or doing the
right...</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/08/climate-labelling-is-good-cure-for.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Climate labelling is a good cure for climate
anxie...</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2010/11/economist-coping-with-climate-change.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Economist: Coping with climate change - buy an
air...</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc26970756"><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Green economy, green consumerism</span></a><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2020/09/is-green-deal-card-shuffle-trick.html">Is the Green Deal a card shuffle trick?</a> <br /></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2018/11/instead-of-decoupling-we-need-recoupling.html">Instead
of decoupling, we need recoupling</a></span></span></div><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2013/04/can-we-shop-our-way-to-better-world.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Can we shop our way to a better world?</span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2017/06/stop-dreaming-about-green-growth.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Stop dreaming about Green Growth</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2017/01/reducing-consumption-and-local-exchange.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Reducing consumption and local exchange better
than sustainable consumption.</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div><span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/06/one-tonne-life-is-hard.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">The One Tonne life is hard</span></a></span>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/04/business-plan-of-factory-is-to-produce.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">The business plan of the factory is to produce
ext...</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc26970757"><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: SV;">Efficiency, productivity, rebound and growth</span></a><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2020/10/of-mice-men-and-elephants.html">Of mice, men and elephants</a> <br /></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2016/11/efficiency-and-productivity-two-very.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Efficiency and productivity two very deceptive
words</span></a></span></span></div><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2014/07/redefining-productivity.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Redefining productivity</span></a></span></span></div><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2013/12/jevons-paradox-why-efficiency-is-liar.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Jevons paradox - why efficiency is a liar word</span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2012/03/growth-is-religion-of-capitalism.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">growth is the religion of capitalism</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/11/normal-0-false-false-false.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Aging populations will end growth</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/05/industry-is-ready-to-commit-suicide-at.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">The fish industry is ready to commit suicide at
an...</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc26970758"><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Ecosystem services and internalization
of costs</span></a><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2017/09/why-true-cost-accounting-is-not-good.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Why True Cost Accounting is not a good concept
for markets and public policy.</span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2012/10/paying-farmers-for-environmental.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Paying farmers for environmental services in
Japan</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/04/carbon-prices-will-not-drive.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Carbon prices will not drive innovations</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/03/ecosystems-invaluable-and-worthless.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Ecosystems: Invaluable and worthless</span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2009/12/polluter-gets-paid-principle.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">The Polluter Gets Paid Principle</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc26970759"><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Ecomodernism and technofixes</span></a><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2020/04/do-we-need-farmfree-food.html">Do we need farmfree food?</a> <br /></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2018/09/the-dream-of-food-without-dirt.html">The
dream of food without dirt</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2017/08/vertical-farms-no-lighthouses-for.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Vertical farms - no lighthouses for ecological
cities.</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2017/03/beware-of-techno-optimists.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Beware of the techno-optimists!</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2013/12/the-synthetic-meat-scam.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">The synthetic meat scam</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2013/12/why-gmo-promises-are-hollow.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Why the GMO promises are hollow</span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/04/engineering-globe-trusting-hand-that.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Engineering the globe: trusting the hand that
flip...</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc26970760"><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Food consumption, climate and
environment</span></a><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2021/05/we-cant-all-live-on-grass-fed-beef-but.html">We can't all live on grass-fed beef - but we can eat more of it</a> <br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="SV"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2021/02/think-inside-right-box.html">Think inside the right box</a></span> <br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2021/01/oats-or-milk-it-is-not-question.html">Oats or milk – it is not the question</a> <br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2019/04/five-dollars-is-not-enough-for-five-day.html">Five
dollars a day is not enough for five a day</a></span></span></div><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2018/12/counting-apples-and-oranges.html">Counting
apples and oranges</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2018/11/a-fixed-meat-ration-is-not-path-to.html">A
fixed meat ration is not the path to sustainable...</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2018/09/dont-let-lca-determine-your-menu.html">Don’t
let an LCA determine your menu</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2017/12/confused-indeed.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Confused indeed</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2017/11/are-pigs-eating-our-food.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Are pigs eating our food?</span></a></span></span></div><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2017/10/false-methane-math.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">False methane math</span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2017/03/the-lost-innocence-of-soy-burger.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">The lost innocence of the soy burger</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2017/02/should-we-feed-cars-animals-or-people.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Should we feed cars, animals or people?</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2016/12/leonardo-and-hamburger-connection.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Leonardo and the hamburger connection</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2016/08/are-cows-eating-amazon.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Are cows eating the Amazon?</span></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="SV"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2013/09/how-wet-is-your-cucumber.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">How wet is your cucumber?</span></a></span></span> <br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2014/12/animals-much-more-than-meat.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Animals - much more than meat</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2014/05/the-beef-grown-on-soy-and-maize.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">The beef grown on soy and maize</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc26970761"><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: SV;">Food security and food production</span></a><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2019/03/only-possible-to-feed-people.html">Only
possible to feed people sustainably in an equitable society</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2017/02/where-does-protein-come-from.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Where does the protein come from?</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2016/03/the-global-plate.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">The global plate</span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2014/01/where-shall-fat-come-from.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Where shall the fat come from?</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2012/07/road-to-food-security-what-works-and.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">The road to food security: What works and what
doesn’t</span></a></span></span></div><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2012/05/markets-dont-distribute-food-to-those.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Markets don't distribute food to those without
money</span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/09/hunger-people-and-land.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">The hunger, the people and the land</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/07/producing-meat-for-export-or-food-for.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Producing meat (for export) or food for the
people...</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/03/food-is-not-commodity-like-any-other.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Food is not a commodity like any other</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2010/10/poor-people-are-not-starving-can.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Rich people are not starving – can markets
help?</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc26970762"><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Food system and food policy</span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc26970762;"></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2020/04/build-future-outside-of-market.html">Build a future outside of the Market</a> <br /></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2020/01/to-feed-or-to-profit-to-eat-or-to.html">To feed or to profit? To eat or to consume?</a> <br /></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2019/08/towards-landscape-diet-and-communal.html">Towards
a landscape diet and communal landscape management</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2018/12/how-to-cope-with-largely-dysfunctional.html">How
to cope with largely dysfunctional market signals for soil stewardship.</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2017/11/our-food-system-health-hazard.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Our food system - a health hazard</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2017/04/towards-new-narrative-of-food.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Towards a new narrative of food</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2015/12/food-from-commodity-to-commons.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Food: from commodity to commons</span></a></span></span></div><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2015/04/the-illusion-of-cheap-food-under.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">The illusion of cheap food under commodified
agriculture</span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2014/04/how-capitalism-made-socialist-ideal.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">How capitalism made a "socialist"
ideal come true</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2014/03/searching-for-alternatives-4-transition.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Searching for alternatives 4: Transition</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2014/03/searching-for-alternatives-part-3.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Searching for alternatives part 3 - Regional
Value...</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2014/03/searching-for-alternatives-2-grasslands.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Searching for alternatives 2: Grasslands</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2014/03/searching-for-alternatives-part-i.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Searching for alternatives, part I</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2013/12/the-art-of-supporting-agriculture.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">The art of supporting agriculture</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2013/08/chicken-and-fertilizers.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Chicken and fertilizers</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc26970763"><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Agriculture systems</span></a><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2019/08/small-farms-dont-produce-most-of-worlds.html">Small
farms don't produce most the of the worlds food -<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>but they could produce all</a></span></span></div><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2019/06/beware-of-n-bomb.html">Beware of
the N-bomb</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2019/01/a-regenerative-food-system-is-both.html">A
regenerative food system is both a means and an end</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2018/02/inefficient-productivity-or-productive.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Inefficient productivity or productive
inefficiency</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2017/09/towards-regenerative-food-system.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Towards a regenerative food system.</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2015/11/the-pesticide-treadmill-explained.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">The pesticide treadmill explained</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2013/07/agroforestry-in-amazon.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Agroforestry in the Amazon</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2012/10/does-vegan-farming-work.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Does vegan farming work?</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2012/07/greatest-single-experiment-in-global.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">The greatest single experiment in global
geoengineering</span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/12/author-joseph-kinsey-howard-describes.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Soil: wrong side up</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/05/overloaded-with-nitrogen-and.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Overloaded with Nitrogen and approaching peak
phos...</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/03/what-about-few-more-people-in-farming.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">What about a few more people in farming?</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2010/09/malawi-fertilizer-myth.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">The Malawi Fertilizer Myth?</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2010/03/nitrogem-fertilizers-destroy-soil.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Nitrogen fertilizers destroy soil organic
carbon</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc26970764"><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Organic agriculture</span></a><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2021/07/the-nitrogen-challenge-for-organic.html">The nitrogen challenge for organic agriculture</a> <br /></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/11/dont-buy-organic-instead-of-changing.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Don't buy organic instead of changing the world
- ...</span></a></span></span></div><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">
</span><div style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">
</span><span lang="SV"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2018/01/yes-we-can-feed-9-billion-with-organic.html"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Toc26970765;"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: SV;">Yes we can – feed 9 billion with organic agriculture</span></span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2014/04/organic-agriculture-should-be-adapted.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Organic agriculture should be adapted to the
location-not to EU-rules</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2013/02/organic-agriculture-spreads-in-east.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Organic agriculture spreads in East Africa</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2012/05/organic-agriculture-swiss-army-knife.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Organic agriculture: the Swiss army knife</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2012/04/growing-with-love-and-care-organic.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Growing with love and care, Organic agriculture
grows in Africa</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2012/01/organic-agriculture-time-to-look-ahead.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Organic agriculture: time to look ahead</span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/09/people-planet-and-prosperity-organic.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">People, Planet and Prosperity-organic
agriculture ...</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/09/organic-farming-as-strategy-for-new.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Organic farming as a strategy for a new economy</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/06/organic-agriculture-sowing-seeds-for.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Organic agriculture: Sowing the seeds for a
better...</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2010/11/can-you-trust-organic-claims.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Can you trust organic claims?</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2010/08/is-sky-limit.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Is the sky the limit?</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2010/07/whats-in-name.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">What's in a name?</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2010/02/save-organic-from-over-regulation.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Save organic from over-regulation</span></a></span></span></div>
<h1>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc26970766"><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Standards
and certification</span></a><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"> </span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2013/02/normal-0-false-false-false.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Organic certification - Is it worth it?</span></a></span></span></div><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="background-color: #ffe599;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2012/11/quality-management-is-management-fad.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Quality management is a management fad elevated
to divinity</span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2012/10/standards-as-tools-for-power.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Standards as tools for power</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2012/08/paticipatory-guarantee-systems-nice.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Paticipatory Guarantee Systems - a nice
governance model</span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2012/05/danger-of-predictable-procedures.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">The danger of predictable procedures</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2012/02/good-mark-or-million-bits-of.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">The good mark or a million bits of information?</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/12/eco-labels-more-successful-less-value.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Eco labels: the more successful, the less value</span></a></span></span></div>
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<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/03/what-gives-value-to-eco-label.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">What gives value to an eco label</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<h1>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc26970767"><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Developing
countries</span></a><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"> </span></h1>
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<span style="background-color: #ffe599;"><span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2013/07/millennium-villages-great-experiment.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Millennium Villages: the Great Experiment</span></a></span></span></div>
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<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2013/08/growing-out-of-poverty-or-grow-poverty.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Growing out of poverty or grow poverty?</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
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<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2013/04/the-rise-of-africa-fairy-tale.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">The Rise of Africa - a fairy tale?</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
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<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2013/01/is-commercialized-farming-cure-for.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Is commercialized farming the cure for
smallholders’ ills?</span></a></span><u><span lang="SV" style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/10/how-fair-is-fair.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">How fair is fair?</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc26970768"><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Book reviews</span></a><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></h1>
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<a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2012/10/standards-as-tools-for-power.html" target="_blank">Standards: Recipes for Reality</a><a> by Lawrence Busch</a></div><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2018/02/a-garden-is-ideology-as-sure-as-voting.html">A new garden ethic, by Benjamin Vogt</a><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2016/12/grace-organic-revolutionary.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Grace, the Organic Revolutionary</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2013/11/systematic-collapse-or-collapsing.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Review
of Orlov's The Five Stages of Collapse.</span></a></span></div> <a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2013/08/the-world-after-money.html" target="_blank">John Michael Greer’s The Wealth of Nature: Economics as if Survival Mattered</a><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2013/07/brown-full-panet-empy-plates.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Brown: Full Planet & Empy Plates</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2013/05/heinberg-growth-will-endperiod.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Heinberg: growth will end.period.</span></a></span><span lang="SV" style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2013/04/anything-too-big-to-fail-is-too-big.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Bill Mckibben:Eaarth</span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2013/03/lagom-is-good-enough.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Rob Dietz and Dan O'Neill: </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">of</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Enough is Enough</i></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2013/03/money-does-grow-on-trees.html" target="_blank"><span lang="SV"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;">Tony Juniper: </span></span><span lang="SV"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"><b><i>What has nature ever done for us?</i></b></span></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="SV"><a href="http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2013/01/thinking-fast-and-slow-about-world.html"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Daniel Kahneman: T</span>hinking fast and slow</span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="SV"><span style="mso-fareast-language: SV;"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2011/03/jacksons-cinderella-economy.html" target="_blank">Tim Jackson: <span style="font-style: italic;">Prosperity without Growth</span></a><br /></span></span></div>
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Gunnar Rundgrenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11869055229248959119noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7377497904882186501.post-24688160746031845922021-12-15T01:33:00.001-08:002021-12-15T23:21:38.825-08:00Knock the Head off the pedestal and raise the Hand<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A crucial moment for
food science occurred 23 March 1886 when the student A.W. Smith entered a
calorimeter, a device used to measure the combustive energy of engines. In the
small room he studied academic treatises and lifted weights and ate measured
quantities of bread, baked beans, potatoes and steak. Meanwhile, thermometers,
hygrometers, condensers, fans and pumps measured what occurred.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Wilbur O. Atwater, a professor of chemistry
at Wesleyan University with the help of fellow scientists Edward B. Rosa and
Francis G. Benedict developed this ‘respiration calorimeter’ to measure
precisely the energy provided by food and used by the human body for various
activities. Based on this, Atwater created the system to measure that energy in
units, known as calories. Finally, there was a common standard against which
all foods could be measured. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Many today try to
avoid calories, by ingesting low or no calorie food. In Atwater’s time the view on calories was
different – they provided a scientific benchmark for feeding the masses. The
calorie, Atwater
declared, would determine “the food supply for the future”. With this
physiological economy the minimum nutritional and energy needs could be
determined for different social groups, taking into account their energy use
and economic resources. The American government welcomed this new way of
quantifying foods which made it possible to compare milk with meat or bread and
thus substitute between them while still being able to satisfy basic
nutritional demand. If workers could be fed scientifically the wages could be
kept lower as there would be no wasteful consumption. The calorie became an
important ally in the global expansion of American wheat, its primary export at
this time. This went so far that the governor of Michigan, Chase Osborn, in
1920 proposed a system of international trade using the calorie as the
currency. In 1925 the League of Nations
established a global dietary standard of 2,500 calories for a laboring adult.* </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">We all know, by now,
that calories are a very crude measure of the value of food and that comparing
different foods based on their calorie contents is an exercise that may well
lead you into eating disorders. Of course, there is nothing wrong with the
calorie if one take it for what it is. The problem is that the measure so often
become proxy for a complex reality. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In the recent book <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Head, Hand and Heart</i> David Goodhart**
discuss how theoretical, academic knowledge (Head) has gained appreciation and
status at the expense of technical, practical abilities (Hand), and social,
cultural and emotional skills (Heart). His focus is the work place and how
there has been a ”cognitive takeover that has gathered pace over the past forty
years. As recently as the 1970s most people left school without qualifications,
but now 40 per cent of all jobs are graduate-only. A good society must
re-imagine the meaning of skilled work, so that people who work with their
hands and hearts are valued alongside workers who manipulate data.” </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgenCl0DXUu7mNBkPFVpIjD3l4GrmyIa2MgvWUPChT6U2eyUelrWx6qWXbcSIYwPigp7qMfHnRuwfdEjmEk7SsyaA3FHybIIoQ2BQs07QRWsxTgu-Vyq6GxKdJCdDA5jxHyefkVUohkQd7Zcv_s8MyWSoQ7FGWVsEyfr0C4lxFlx-ws9sh9V_fgW07E=s473" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="315" data-original-width="473" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgenCl0DXUu7mNBkPFVpIjD3l4GrmyIa2MgvWUPChT6U2eyUelrWx6qWXbcSIYwPigp7qMfHnRuwfdEjmEk7SsyaA3FHybIIoQ2BQs07QRWsxTgu-Vyq6GxKdJCdDA5jxHyefkVUohkQd7Zcv_s8MyWSoQ7FGWVsEyfr0C4lxFlx-ws9sh9V_fgW07E=s320" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo: Ann-Helen Meyer von Bremen</span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I believe there are
many other analyses that could be enlightened by a Head, Hand and Heart perspective.
I prefer to name all three categories as (different kinds of) knowledge, though.
</span></span><p></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Media and the public
debate are obsessed with figures. In many debates proponents throw results of recent
scientific reports at each other. New measures are invented to make simple
calculations and comparisons possible. Today we talk about carbon dioxide
equivalents as a universal measure of green house gas emissions, a unit that
bundles highly variable gases with different properties and totally different
origins into one measurement – it allows you to compare the climate impact of a
wetland in Poland with the impact of a factory for the production of cell phones
in China. I see an increasing flow of articles trying to develop an index for
biodiversity to quantify the impact of an action on the incredible diverse web
of life. It will allow you to, scientifically, compare the biodiversity impact
of an off-shore wind turbine in the North Sea with the production of oats in
Finland. In the next step measures and indexes are put into models which
supposedly tells us how things are and could be. But all the assumptions and
simplifications make the results quite meaningless. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The prevailing </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://blog.apaonline.org/2018/01/25/the-problem-with-scientism/"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">scientism</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> is arrogant and tend to look only at what we
“know” and disregard all that we don’t know. Most challenges of human
civilization (today and earlier) are not met by the application of science
alone, or in many cases not even predominantly. By putting too much attention
to scientific measures and models, we tend to give too little attention to
other perspectives. Certainly food is about a lot more than calories. To begin
with there are many nutrients we need and then there is culture, economics,
taste, etc. that will determine how and what we eat. And then there is the
whole complex of bioavailability and the microbiome in our bodies, which to
some extent determine if we will have any use of that we have ingested. Any
food discourse that leaves out questions of power, status and access is
incomplete. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A manifest example of how
wrong it can be was the development of a planetary health diet by the Eat Lancet
Commission, using a very limited set of scientific indicators – and models with
a very limited number of assumptions - to determine a planetary diet that was
supposedly good for both health and the planet.*** </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I believe we need to
resurrect the Hand and the Heart in our world views, and knock the Head off the
pedestal. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I am currently,
together with my partner Ann-Helen, writing a book about humans, culture and
nature and I am stricken by how dominating a narrow narrative of science is in
when it comes to discussions about agriculture, conservation, ecosystems
functions and forest management. The Heart has also some place in the debate,
where people and cultural expressions refer to the soul of the living, the
feelings of awe and wonder that fills you in a presumably wild landscape. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">But the Hand is mostly
absent; the people who are the actual managers of nature - the farmers, the
fishermen, the pastoralists, the foresters, the hunters and gatherers - are not
much heard. More often they are spoken about or told what to do by an urban
middle class that have only a theoretical knowledge of topics they believe they
understand better than those that are actually living in and of the landscapes
in questions. Other parts of the same class have a very romantic view of the “sacredness
of all life”, “Gaia” or similar admirable viewpoints, viewpoints that often
give little guidance on how to farm, fish, log, hunt or pick mushrooms. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Of course, there is no
reason to glorify those who deal with nature in their daily life. Also
indigenous people have exterminated a lot of animal species, destroyed forests
or in other ways overused resources. Farmers certainly have depleted water and
soil resources, indiscriminately killed wild life and done a lot of harm.
Nevertheless, the practical knowledge of the hands of the stewards of
landscapes needs to be valued and respected. To that is also the realization
that practical circumstances such as available technology and markets are
determining their actions more than science (Head) or beliefs (Heart). Many
farmers actually know quite well which practices that are ecologically sound,
but as long as economic conditions and technology determine their choices, that
knowledge is not put into action. Tragically, many farmers nowadays pay more attention to what they are told than their own experiences. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In addition, to
spread, increase and value the knowledge of the Hand is central for a successful
transformation of society – in the words of Rob Hopkins <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rsIhiuzSOjQ">“the power of doing stuff”</a>.
The knowledge of the Hand will be much more needed in the future to come, as we
need more Hands actively shaping the future. In addition, people growing,
preparing, cooking and eating food, preferably together with others, are more
likely to see through the illusions of the capitalist market economy and when
science produce irrelevant results. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">* The text about
Atwater is found in my book </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/p/blog-page.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Global Eating Disorder</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">** David Goodhart
reached fame in by the book the </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.hurstpublishers.com/book/the-road-to-somewhere/"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Road to Somewhere</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> where he introduced the clssification of
people in </span><span lang="SV">'Somewheres' or the 'Anywheres'. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><h3 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">*** On the EAT Lancet
diet see e.g.: </span></span></span></h3><h3 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2019/04/five-dollars-is-not-enough-for-five-day.html">Five
dollars a day is not enough for five a day</a></span></span></span></h3><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><h3 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2021/02/think-inside-right-box.html">Think
inside the right box</a></span></span></span></h3><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><h1 style="margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://www.ifpri.org/publication/affordability-eatlancet-reference-diet-global-analysis">Affordability
of the EAT–Lancet reference diet: A global analysis</a></span></span></span><span lang="SV"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></span></h1><span style="font-family: verdana;">
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<![endif]--></p>Gunnar Rundgrenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11869055229248959119noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7377497904882186501.post-46655891130659576652021-12-05T07:52:00.001-08:002021-12-05T07:52:52.305-08:00 Managing Healthy Livestock Production and Consumption<p><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwmi68U8uO3z41NoxW827rk2VtuQlICdgURWn86QRcXvLZq1F0szt7YiZsNIDmdCWntdPFp3FmVvY2IAkh15g1DsOIotNS-euvX6WghMAyhy1Xr8dD2cOavAEaSklUVmXi8X2Y25Ftf14/s253/9780128230190.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="253" data-original-width="198" height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwmi68U8uO3z41NoxW827rk2VtuQlICdgURWn86QRcXvLZq1F0szt7YiZsNIDmdCWntdPFp3FmVvY2IAkh15g1DsOIotNS-euvX6WghMAyhy1Xr8dD2cOavAEaSklUVmXi8X2Y25Ftf14/s0/9780128230190.jpg" width="198" /></a></div>Plants are the net producers of ecosystems. But all plants will be eaten, wither, burn, rot or in some other way be consumed. Consumers are insects, microbes, fungi, fish, animals or humans to mention the most important. The consumption of plants, the death of plants are as important for ecosystems as their lives. <p></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">Animals are integral to all (or just most?) ecosystems and play a critical role for nutrient cycling and soil fertility. Despite this, there is a prominent narrative that portrays <i>all</i> livestock as inefficient, harmful or redundant. Clearly, there are many things to criticize in industrial forms of livestock production. There are also limits for how many animals can be fed with farmed crops. But the faults of conventional and industrial livestock production should not lead us to shun livestock production all together. <br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">I have contributed a little* to a new book on sustainable livestock production with the title: <a href="https://www.elsevier.com/books/sustainable-production-and-consumption/el-hage/978-0-12-823019-0" target="_blank"><i>Managing Healthy Livestock Production and Consumption </i></a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">By addressing gaps of knowledge and
presenting scientific perspective studies of livestock’s impact on the
environment and the global food supply up to 2050, this book is useful
for those advocating for sustainable food systems. Existing evidence of
the effects of livestock production on food quality and nutrition is
reviewed. Livestock production and consumption is a highly diverse
topic where current publications only include/focus a single aspect of
the issues, for example, greenhouse gas emissions or health impacts,
leading to a biased view of the total impact of livestock production. </span><span style="font-family: verdana;">This book clarifies perceptions by presenting sound scientific evidence
across livestock landscapes to better
appreciate the ecological web of life and the social web of community
related to livestock production. It has interesting case studies on:</span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Rotational grazing in the Pampa, Argentina</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Holistic management of livestock, Zimbabwe</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Adapting to climate change in grasslands of Inner Mongolia, China</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Organic livestock management and climate resilience, New Zealand</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Conservation of native vegetation and traditional camel herding in Rajasthan, India</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Sustainability of organic dairy production in Tyrol pastures, Austria</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Feeding spineless cactus to cattle for drought resilience, Kenya</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Integrated organic livestock-crop production system, Thailand</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Improving nutrient efficiency through organic management, Madagascar</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Breeding for gastrointestinal parasite resistance in Merino sheep, Australia</span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;">Animals for feeding soils on biodynamic farms, Egypt</span></li></ul><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><br /><strong></strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">The contents of <a href="https://www.elsevier.com/books/sustainable-production-and-consumption/el-hage/978-0-12-823019-0" target="_blank"><i>Managing Healthy Livestock Production and Consumption</i></a> are</span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><strong>Section 1 – Introduction</strong><br />1. Introduction to livestock systems<br /><em>Nadia El-Hage Scialabba</em><br /><strong> </strong></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><strong>Section 2 – Animals and health</strong><br />2. Livestock food and human nutrition<br /><em>Nadia El-Hage Scialabba</em><br />3. Livestock xenobiotics and zoonoses<br /><em>Nadia El-Hage Scialabba</em><br />4. Healthy livestock production and consumption<br /><em>Nadia El-Hage Scialabba</em><br />5. Pesticide safety in livestock products<br /><em>Andre Frederick Leu</em><br />6. Continuous development of animal welfare, with a focus on organic farming<br /><em>Otto Schmid and Barbara Fruh</em><br /><strong>Section 3 - Livestock Landscapes</strong><br />7. Livestock and future food supply<br /><em>Nadia El-Hage</em> Scialabba<br />8. Pastoralism as a response to climate change and water security in Mediterranean mountains and forests <br /><em>Gregory Lazarev</em><br />9. Landscape management: ecological engineering in temperate areas<br /><em>Joel Salatin</em><br />10. Let them graze! Potentials of ruminant production outside the feed-food competition Florian Leiber<br />11. The promises of food without soil and toil <br /><em>Gunnar Rundgren</em><br />12. Livestock as a tool to regenerate land<br /><em>Nadia El-Hage Scialabba</em><br /><strong>Section 4 – Stories from around the world</strong><br />13. Experiences of low-external-input livestock systems <br /><em>Nadia El-Hage Scialabba</em><br />Improving land management through grazing strategies <br />Subchapter 13.1: Rotational grazing in the Pampa, Argentina <br />Lorena Agnelli, Oyhamburu Mariel and Delgado Caffe Jorge<br />Subchapter 13.2: Holistic management of livestock, Zimbabwe<br /><em>Andrea Malmberg and Jody Butterfield</em><br />Subchapter 13.3: Adapting to climate change in grasslands of Inner Mongolia, China<br /><em>David Kemp</em><br />Subchapter 13.4: Organic livestock management and climate resilience, New Zealand<br /><em>Glenn Mead</em><br />Subchapter 13.5: Conservation of native vegetation and traditional camel herding in Rajasthan, India<br /><em>Ilse Kohler-Rollefson, Hanwant Singh Rathore, and Aisha Rollefson</em><br />Subchapter 13.6: Sustainability of organic dairy production in Tyrol pastures, Austria<br /><em>Wilhelm Knaus, Thomas Drapela, Roswitha Weissensteiner, Heinz Gstir, and Werner Zollitsch</em><br />Subchapter 13.7: Feeding spineless cactus to cattle for drought resilience, Kenya<br /><em>Margaret Syomiti, Samuel Chirchir, John Duyu, and Dana Hoag</em><br />Subchapter 13.8: Integrated organic livestock-crop production system, Thailand<br /><em>Jintana Indramagala</em><br />Subchapter 13.9: Improving nutrient efficiency through organic management, Madagascar<br /><em>Paulo Salgado, Emmanuel Tillard, Stephanie Alvarez, and Philippe Lecomte<br /></em>Subchapter 13.10: Breeding for gastrointestinal parasite resistance in Merino sheep, Australia<br /><em>John Karlsson and Annika Karlsson</em><br />Subchapter 13.11: Animals for feeding soils on biodynamic farms, Egypt<br /><em>Angela Hofmann, Helmy Abouleish, and Anne Bandel</em><br /><strong>Section 5 – Conclusions</strong><br />14. Full-cost accounting for decision-making related to livestock systems<br /><em>Nadia El-Hage Scialabba</em><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: verdana;">* My contribution has the title: "The promises of food without soil and<br />toil" and is about "farm-free" ways to produce foods. I will soon post a summary of my chapter. <br /></span></p>Gunnar Rundgrenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11869055229248959119noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7377497904882186501.post-17372046232991171342021-11-16T12:11:00.000-08:002021-11-16T12:11:23.491-08:00COP26: omitting the real emission driver<p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Another Climate meeting
has ended and little will change because the most important issues are not even
on the agenda. The discussions about global warming are dominated by the
transition to fossil-free energy combined with some attention to energy
efficiency. Lately Direct Carbon Capture and geo-engineering has got more
attention. The two factors that impacts global warming the most are hardly
discussed at al. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Emissions can,
according to the Kaya formula, be expressed as the product of the four factors
human population, GDP per capita, energy intensity (per unit of GDP), and
carbon intensity (emissions per unit of energy). Since 1960 advances in energy
intensity and carbon intensity has reduced emissions per unit of GDP (e.g. a
dollar) with 50%. That seems impressive, but meanwhile population has grown
with 150 % and GDP per capita with almost 250%. <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/emissions-drivers">The net result is that
emissions have increased almost 300% globally</a> (see graph). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglib4RlGMuiwczSHAw9QWwnmpa5k0wSt3zMIdYCIz29J_3L12P_sQJ8eDjCwQZqrBsG1sY7Y7xOT_LMk9wRRQ6nPNWgO1aKvRcy5C8JWO391vWa3VKzRZJkD3yDo03VvcuIc5ABAa4R-Y/s2048/kaya-identity-co2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1446" data-original-width="2048" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglib4RlGMuiwczSHAw9QWwnmpa5k0wSt3zMIdYCIz29J_3L12P_sQJ8eDjCwQZqrBsG1sY7Y7xOT_LMk9wRRQ6nPNWgO1aKvRcy5C8JWO391vWa3VKzRZJkD3yDo03VvcuIc5ABAa4R-Y/w400-h283/kaya-identity-co2.png" width="400" /></a></div><br />Even with a very rapid
growth of renewables and nuclear power combined with unprecedented improvements
in efficiency, it is apparent that emissions can’t be sufficiently reduced
without stabilization, or a decrease of the population and the economy. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><p></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Stabilization and
ultimately shrinking populations are part of most of the IPCC scenarios, which
also means one can easily see the impact thereof. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378016300681">None
of the many scenarios include, however, a steady state or shrinking economy</a>.
In the scenario with the lowest increase of the economy, SSP3, the GDP per
capita will still double to 2100. This scenario also includes increased
inequality and regional rivalry, as if those where necessarily linked to each
other. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The scenarios of the
IPCC are not normative but are there to enlighten policy and show possible
paths of development. The worst case scenario, SSP5-8,5 shows how the climate
will develop if emissions continue and few countermeasures are taken. It shows
a global temperature 5 centigrade higher than today. With that in mind it is
very hard to understand why there are no IPCC scenarios without growth. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">By omitting such
scenarios, growth is no longer on the agenda. As it is apparent that
renewables, nuclear power and efficiency gains will not be sufficient, direct
carbon capture, carbon capture and storage as well as geo-engineering become
inevitable. In this way IPCC fails its mission and give us the impression that
these, untested, technologies are much more relevant and realistic than a
steady state economy or de-growth. This is despite the fact that the only
periods of absolute reductions in emissions are linked to economic downturns. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The main point here is
not whether it is good or bad per se with degrowth or steady state, but that
there are good reasons to develop scenarios without growth. As expressed by
Jason Hickel and colleagues <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-021-00884-9.epdf?sharing_token=fkd3j-TwNt24NvjzexMJltRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0MPv3Tuc5WRQSvUD-gC2YZSUSCPQuiw0fW3o2aOk23Hri5a0ZWiekOW6GyLp9ubwG-HSYt3av9XhiJ7QVgjTBbcEOEFd8Gcuao9QYJ7bi0TgdaXi5V1kq8XA2Hs9D2I0g9RtHIkFK2OxNp2yExZSuuf">in
a recent article in Nature Energy</a>: </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">”Given the enormous challenge of
confronting the climate crisis, and following the precautionary principle, modelers
should consider a wider range of policy options in order to expand the public
debate about climate mitigation, and to reflect the plurality of visions for a
sustainable world. ”</span></i></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">*</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Having said that, I
think it is pertinent to address some of the arguments against having growth as
a policy option, without being exhaustive. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A major objection to a
no-growth or a degrowth scenario is that economic growth (expressed as an
increase in GDP per capita) is needed to lift income for poor countries and
poor people. Even if the GDP measure has its flaws as a measure of development
or livelihoods there is a clear need to increase the material living standard
of the world’s poor, that includes access to energy, better food, electricity
and sanitation. It would be a mistake, however, to believe that global economic
growth is the best pathway to ensure that. There is today already, more than
enough wealth in the human civilization, it is just badly distributed. According
to research by David Woodward published in the <a href="http://wer.worldeconomicsassociation.org/papers/incrementum-ad-absurdum-global-growth-inequality-and-poverty-eradication-in-a-carbon-constrained-world/" id="yui_3_17_2_1_1637085731237_579"><em><span style="text-decoration: none;">World Economic Review</span></em></a>, with the patterns
of growth <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and its distribution 1998-2008
it would take 200 years to end poverty defined as incomes below $5 /day ($1,800
per year), while the average GDP would be 1 million dollars per capita. That
is hardly an efficient way of poverty eradication compared to redistributional
policies. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Another frequent
argument against steady state or degrowth scenarios is that decoupling of
energy use and emissions from GDP growth is possible and already happening.
This is supposed to take place by several processes such as, efficiency gains,
circular economy, sharing economy, green growth strategies, digitalization or
the transformation of the economy to a service economy. I have discussed, and
dismissed, those at length <a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2020/09/is-green-deal-card-shuffle-trick.html">here.</a>
Let me also point to the intriguing analysis of Blair Fix in the article <a href="http://digamoo.free.fr/blairfix19.pdf">Dematerialization Through Services:
Evaluating the Evidence.</a> Globally, <a href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.SRV.EMPL.ZS?contextual=employment-by-sector&end=2019&start=1991&view=chart">the
service sector has increased its share of employment from 35% to 50% in less
than thirty years</a>, from 1990 to 2019. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the same period CO2 emissions went from 21
Gt to 35 Gt. </span></span></p>
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<![endif]--></p>Gunnar Rundgrenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11869055229248959119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7377497904882186501.post-52713706924449263362021-08-08T06:27:00.005-07:002021-08-10T03:24:29.725-07:00Nitrogen fertilizer is not a climate solution<p>
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></b></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It is often claimed
from proponents of conventional farming that the use of chemical fertilizers,
in particular nitrogen, is a prerequisite for binding more carbon in soils (see
for instance the critique of regenerative agriculture by the </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.wri.org/insights/regenerative-agriculture-good-soil-health-limited-potential-mitigate-climate-change"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">World Resource Institute</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">). </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This is normally
founded on two different arguments: 1) Through the use of nitrogen fertilizers
total photosynthesis is increasing, thus more carbon is bound by plants. Some
of this carbon is taken away from the land in the form of higher yields, but
there will also be more straw, roots and residues left in the field; 2) There
is a rather narrow relationship (stoichiometry) between carbon and nutrients
like nitrogen and phosphorus in soil organic matter and, therefore, one have to
supply concomitant quantities of those nutrients to increase carbon content. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Below, I discuss both
of the arguments. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It stands beyond doubt
that the supply if nitrogen fertilizers, in reasonable quantities, increases
yields. It is often assumed that this also corresponds to more straw, roots and
other organic matter being left in soils. This seems to be an
oversimplification though. To begin with, in parallel to the increased use of
fertilizers, the harvest index (the share of the above ground biomass that is
the desired products, e.g. wheat kernels) of major agriculture crops has also
changed a lot so that a bigger share of the carbon is allocated to the
harvested crop and less to other parts of the plant. In addition, </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/10/10/3724"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">through the use of herbicides the biomass in
weeds has also been substantially reduced</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, biomass that otherwise would contribute to
soil organic matter. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span>The harvest index is
also influenced by management and experiments show that </span><span lang="SV"><a href="http://www.sci-int.com/pdf/112522826422%20Wheat2%5b1%5d%20Amjad%20215-218.pdf"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">increased availability of nitrogen
as well as irrigation will increase the harvest index</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> even more. Research in both </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167880918302871"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Switzerland</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> and </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167880917304243"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Denmark</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> demonstrate that in organic farming (by
definition without the use of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers) a substantially
higher share of the biomass is allocated to roots than in conventional farming.
</span></span><p></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This is even more
important as recent research (e.g. </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167880911000818"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kätterer et al 2011</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> and </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/7/16/eabd3176"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Villarino et al 2021</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">) show that roots and root exudates (carbon
rich substances released from the roots to the soil, sometimes referred to as
the </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.amazingcarbon.com/PDF/JONES-LiquidCarbonPathway(July08).pdf"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">liquid carbon pathway</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, or the </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42832-020-0052-4"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">microbial carbon pump</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">) are much more important for building soil
organic matter than plant litter and straw. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9FSGGQQlb0TQOsOt9e6vE4NHCvwt0w9lHvqnqhheaks8bFwizZ-5_dASpk_ijB5Z4arzIT-wGzzhtGu9bBwo9MquKgPC7vZVmcd43wc_74UlNK0aCSJqpDl3oYcLsjV9e49GV16rEn8c/s685/soil+microbial+carbon+pump.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="685" data-original-width="639" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9FSGGQQlb0TQOsOt9e6vE4NHCvwt0w9lHvqnqhheaks8bFwizZ-5_dASpk_ijB5Z4arzIT-wGzzhtGu9bBwo9MquKgPC7vZVmcd43wc_74UlNK0aCSJqpDl3oYcLsjV9e49GV16rEn8c/w374-h400/soil+microbial+carbon+pump.jpg" width="374" /></a></span></span></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">There are many review articles
and meta-analyses published on the topic and they come to varying conclusions. </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gfs.12537?af=R"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Poeplau</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> concludes that there is a general positive
relationship between the use of nitrogen fertilizers and soil carbon in
grassland, but there are also research showing the opposite, e.g </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167880915301997"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sochorova 2016</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. A synthesis of </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11027-020-09916-3"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bolinder et al (2020)</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> claims that 1 kg of N can increase soil C with
1 kg compared to plots which are totally unfertilized. They conclude, however,
that this is not a linear relationship, i.e. there is higher effect with low
nitrogen supply than with a high supply. They also say that to compare with
plots that are not fertilized at all has limited practical value as farmers, in
the absence of chemical fertilizers, will try to supply nitrogen in other ways,
such as with biological nitrogen fixation or use of organic amendments. They
point out that many other methods than increased use of fertilizer to increase
soil carbon is much more important. </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/11/5/882"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Another synthesis from 2021 concurs</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Therein,
Alexandra Tiefenbacher and colleagues show that adding N can work both ways
depending on conditions. It can stimulate the decomposition of organic matter
and thus reduce the carbon stock, but it can also increase primary production
and thereby the supply of carbon. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Based on the research
above it seems quite clear that use of N fertilizer is no shortcut to soil
carbon sequestration and that its effects are uncertain, and in any case very
small. If we lift our perspective this should be apparent already from the fact
</span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1877343515001013?via%3Dihub"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">that most soils have been losing
carbon all throughout the era of increased use of nitrogen fertilizer</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. On a systems level, use of nitrogen
fertilizers is clearly not a pathway to increased soil organic matter. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">*</span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Let’s now look at the
other argument. Do you have to supply a certain amount of nitrogen to increase
the carbon stocks in soils? This is based on the observation that a C:N ratio of
around 10 is a benchmark for organic matter in soils, i.e. for each kg of
carbon there is 100 gram of nitrogen.</span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.wri.org/insights/regenerative-agriculture-good-soil-health-limited-potential-mitigate-climate-change"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> In a very simplistic way this is interpreted</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> into that in order to increase soil carbon
stocks with, say, 1 ton we need to supply 100 kg of nitrogen. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">But while these relations
indeed have some value one can’t draw the arguments thus far. The C:N ratio </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13593-019-0599-6"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">differs a lot between different
types of organic matter</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
and even within the organic matter itself. In plants it vary the most while the
range is narrower for microorganisms. Recent research has shown that </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/gcb.14781"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">dead microorganisms make up a
substantial part of the soil organic matter</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. But the micro life will also adapt itself to
soil conditions such as the availability of nitrogen. <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13593-019-0599-6">Fungi has
typically more than two times higher C:N ratio than bacteria for instance.</a> Also within a certain group
of organisms species thrive under different conditions. </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/15471/"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A high C:N ratio will stimulate bacteria which preserve nitrogen (and
reduces emissions of nitrous oxide) while N- fertilization will favor the opposite.</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Again, if we look through
a wider lens we can see that organic soils have almost </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-64275-y"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">5 times higher C:N ration than mineral soils</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> and that there is also a </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13593-019-0599-6"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">marked difference between arable
soils and grasslands</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.
In addition the </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13593-019-0599-6"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">C:N ratio changes with soil depth</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. Summing up, the stoichiometric argument for
nitrogen fertilizers is weak. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Both arguments are
based on a static view of agriculture systems. If you start with the prevailing
agriculture system, which is adapted to the regular supply of nitrogen, and
just cut out nitrogen fertilizer, you will get all kinds of problems, of which
reduced yields is the dominating one. But farmers will respond to changed
conditions by changing management, crop and variety selection and
crop-livestock integration. It is therefore not really possible, or at least
not meaningful to discuss one component of an agriculture system within the
framework of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">c<span class="hgkelc"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">eteris paribus</span></span></i><span class="hgkelc"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, all else being equal. </span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="hgkelc"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In addition, already today, </span></span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065211305880046"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">nitrogen
use efficiency in the agriculture system is low and more than half of the
nitrogen supply is lost in the fields</span></a></span><span class="hgkelc"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. There is no
research showing that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">increased use</i>
of nitrogen fertilizers would be a good pathway for increasing soil carbon
stocks. Even with the assumed carbon storage efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer
of one to one (or even slightly better) it would still be a “climate loss” to
increase soil carbon through the use of nitrogen fertilizer because t</span></span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2019/06/beware-of-n-bomb.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">he whole
life cycle emissions (in the range of 10 kg CO2e) from 1 kg of N surpasses the
climate value of 1 kg of C</span></a></span><span class="hgkelc"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> (which is 3.66 kg
CO2). Few, if any, of the proponents of nitrogen fertilizers as an important
factor for carbon sequestration, are actually suggesting that nitrogen should
be supplied in higher rates to cater for that. The effect on yields will still
determine nitrogen supply. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="hgkelc"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="hgkelc"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The nitrogen argument for carbon sequestration could,
therefore, be seen as a distraction or possibly a method of diverting focus
away from the substantial greenhouse gas emissions associated with their
production, transportation and use. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="hgkelc"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Nitrogen fertilizers are not just a technicality, </span></span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2019/06/beware-of-n-bomb.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">it is a
major building block in the industrial, global and capitalist agriculture
system.</span></a></span><span class="hgkelc"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> As such they both drive and enable the
increasing metabolic rift between human society and the ecosystem that sustains
it. </span></span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2021/07/the-nitrogen-challenge-for-organic.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">It is
hard, but definitively possible to feed the global population without them</span></a></span><span class="hgkelc"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,
but it will need changes in the food system and in society at large. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></span></p><span style="font-family: verdana;">
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<![endif]--></p>Gunnar Rundgrenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11869055229248959119noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7377497904882186501.post-11751414112953844802021-07-13T00:55:00.004-07:002021-07-13T01:18:22.425-07:00The nitrogen challenge for organic agriculture<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Three new research
articles wrestle with the question of nitrogen (N) availability in organic
farming. All three are based on the indisputable fact that nitrogen
availability is the factor that makes the biggest difference between organic
and conventional farming. It is often claimed that half of the global food
supply is made possible by the use of chemical fertilizers, but is it true that
we will starve if all farms in the world were organic? </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>First, let us be clear
that in the current situation </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/07/global-hunger-rising-food-agriculture-organization-report/"><span lang="EN-US">starvation is widespread</span></a></span><span> despite tremendous increase in crop production
(see graph). In essence, who gets to eat and who doesn’t has very little to do
with brut production and everything to do with power, equity, justice and
empowerment. Of course, there are limits for how many people the planet can
feed and that we shouldn’t appropriate a too big share of the primary
productivity of the ecosystems. No agriculture system can feed a population
that keeps on growing infinitely.</span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span></span></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf6bDjLmGpGJ2Pdwq1pLSjdjdVbz3vxIu9gKgtIs8KxWxQ4GxG3hh5RSvgO2RIIF9PCLuigfZMh6sRllBnGvzceeDf73YVyD8g0FvMK0vJkTSBpq48UMRRQqFcwsNULxvzNH_93oVN7b4/s801/Gap+in+food+production.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="697" data-original-width="801" height="349" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf6bDjLmGpGJ2Pdwq1pLSjdjdVbz3vxIu9gKgtIs8KxWxQ4GxG3hh5RSvgO2RIIF9PCLuigfZMh6sRllBnGvzceeDf73YVyD8g0FvMK0vJkTSBpq48UMRRQqFcwsNULxvzNH_93oVN7b4/w400-h349/Gap+in+food+production.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><p></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Still, it is prudent
for those who promote a wide scale conversion to organic to make plausible that
it is indeed possible for organic farming systems to have global adoption and
feed the (growing) global population. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Anyway, back to the
new research. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Pietro <b>Barbieri</b> and colleagues concludes, <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-021-00276-y" target="_blank">in an article in Nature food</a>, that in a fully organic world food production would
go down with 36 % of dietary energy needs with nitrogen shortage the key
determining factor. Protein would not be a problem though. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Turning to the paper <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959378021000923" target="_blank">Agroecological measures and circular economy strategies to ensure sufficient nitrogen forsustainable farming</a> by T.G. <b>Morais</b>
and colleagues in Global Environment Change, the picture changes. They conclude
that with sufficient mitigating measures 100 % organic is still a feasible
option on a global scale. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>A third paper on the
<a href="https://www.cell.com/one-earth/fulltext/S2590-3322(21)00289-X?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS259033222100289X%3Fshowall%3Dtrue#supplementaryMaterial" target="_blank">possibility to reshaping the European agro-food system published in One Earth</a>
by a team headed by Gilles <b>Billen</b>
claims that Europe can be self sufficient in a fully organic diet, with a huge
reduction in the consumption of animal products. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>All three papers are,
quite naturally, based on modelling and the results are basically determined by
the input data as well as the assumptions made and constraints imposed. Below I
compare some of the main features of the papers using the surname of the main
author as id. In order to help the reader, I occasionally put in brackets (Global
organic impossible) for Barbieri, (Global organic possible) for Morais and (Europe
organic possible) for Billen. Obviously I have to make a lot of
simplifications, especially as Barbieri and Morais have multiple scenarios in
their models. For instance, Barbieri has scenarios for 20, 40,60 and 80 percent
organic as well as waste reduction and diet change, in total 216 combinations
and Morais explores a set of improved practices as well as eight different
diets in various combinations.<span> </span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span>Population and diet.</span></b><span> Barbieri has the current population of ~7,3
billion getting sufficient energy and protein, Morais the global population
2050 with 8 different diets. Billen explores a European (Ex Ukraine, Belarus
and Russia) population of 601 million eating a “healthy diet” limited by
protein intake of 5 kg N per person per year (corresponding to approximately 85
gram per person per day) and a cap of 25% of protein from animals, compared
with current 55%.<span> </span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span>Land constraints.</span></b><span> Billen: No changes in land cover for food
agriculture. Morais: 5 different cropland scenarios from current acreage to 70%
expansion, no grassland expansion. Barbieri: cropland and grasslands as in year
2000. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span>Localization of production.</span></b><span> Morais (Global organic possible) define
production regions and allows trade between then. Barbieri (Global organic
impossible) studies the production in grid cells which are independent of each
other so that all production as well as the inputs come from the same area,
food can be traded however. Billen (Europe organic possible) works with
regionally adapted production systems where livestock is fed locally. Trade
within Europe can take place when local demand is satisfied. Extra European
trade is very limited and Europe is a net exporter compared to being a net
importer today. <span> </span><span> </span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span>Production scenarios and yields. </span></b><span>Barbieri assumes that yields in both organic
and conventional is a direct function of N supply and that organic and
conventional yields differ mainly in areas with high yields while the yields
are similar in permanent grasslands and crop lands with low level of N inputs. Morais
assumes that organic yields are 80% of conventional and that 25% of the area is
used for biological nitrogen fixation. Billen uses a generalization of four
prevailing crop rotations for organic and uses the relationship between yield
and nitrogen supply to determine organic yields. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span>Recycling of human excreta.</span></b><span> Billen assumes 75 % recycling. Barbieri has no
recycling in the main 100% organic scenario, but also a scenario with 10 %
recycling. Morais assumes considerable recycling of human excreta and waste
from the food system. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><b><span>Other relevant constraints, assumption.</span></b><span> Billen sets a maximum of 35 kg of N surplus
per hectare and limits to the use of human edible feed to livestock as well as
no feed imports. <span> </span>Barbieri assumes more
than a doubling of grazing from permanent grasslands, not by expansion of
grasslands but by increasing grazing intensity. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Knowing these
assumptions and constraints it becomes considerably easier to understand the
difference in results and conclusion. The main difference between Barbieri (Global
organic impossible) on the one hand and Morais (Global organic possible) and
Billen on the other is that Barbieri assumes fewer and less effective mitigating
measures. Billen (Europe organic possible) assumes substantial recycling of
waste from food system and a tripling of biological nitrogen fixation. Morais count
on a rather radical improvement in nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) covering
around half of the anticipated nitrogen shortfall and improved/increased
biological nitrogen fixation for most of the rest. Without these improvements
organic can only feed the world through a considerable expansion of cropped
area, up to 70 % depending on the assumed diet. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Even if Barbieri
concludes that organic can’t feed the world they conclude that in some food
insecure developing countries a full scale conversion to organic would improve
food supply compared to the current situation. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>All papers discuss the
change of diet as a result of the limited N-supply. In Billen this is already
set as a constraint. Barbieri concludes that an organic diet would mean a
doubled quantity of dairy and four times more pulses and big reduction in the
consumption of meat and vegetables. Nutritional composition of diets are
projected to improve.<span> </span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Morais’ paper shed
quite some light on the trade-offs between diets and production methods when it
comes to environmental impact.<span> </span>Fully
optimized organic production, i.e. after implementation of all improvement
strategies, is associated with less GHG emissions and a lower N surplus than
conventional production, regardless of dietary choices. They conclude that “Overall,
there is no combination of diet variant and production variant that is
significantly better than all the others in all indicators (land used, GHG <span> </span>emissions and N surplus).“ The paper also
demonstrates that strategies to spare land through intensification of
(conventional) product will increase green house gas emissions as well as
nitrogen pollution. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Both Billen and Morais
point to that livestock, particularly ruminants play an important role in
organic production systems. This is not because they supply manure per se
(manure is after all just recycled crops), but because they can use co-products
and by-products, they can utilize permanent grassland which means that N is
imported to the food system and they offer better crop rotations which can
improve also crop production. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>The focus on all three
studies is the provision of food to the human population, but they also draw some
conclusions regarding health and environment, in particular regarding nitrogen.
Reactive nitrogen is not only an essential nutrient for plants and the building
stone of proteins, </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2019/06/beware-of-n-bomb.html"><span lang="EN-US">it is also an environmental threat
of global proportions</span></a></span><span>
almost on par with greenhouse gas emissions (to which it also has strong
links). Barbieri project a 77% reduction of N losses to the ecosystems while
the main focus of Billen is to reduce N losses to the biosphere and their
results show a reduction to the half of current emissions. According to Morais,
N losses can be reduced with 70% and greenhouse gas emissions can be halved in
a fully organic scenario.<span> </span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Even though it is not
the main focus of the articles, they also address trade, directly or
indirectly. For instance Billen (Europe organic possible) writes: “While not
excluding food trade when required, the scenario privileges local food supply.
This implies giving up land specialization in favor of a multifunctional conception
of land planning.” </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>In my view, all three
papers have some weaknesses (it would be strange if they hadn’t). Barbieri (Global
organic impossible) applies a far too static perspective on the response of
farmers and society. This is unrealistic and undermines their main conclusion –
that organic can’t feed the world – not credible. It is quite obvious that large-scale
recycling of waste from the food system, including human excrements would be a
necessity in a 100 % organic scenario. Also, their projected increase in
biological nitrogen fixation is just 4%, why so little is not explained. Their
assumption of a huge increase of grassland contribution to the food system
should have been better explained to be credible. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Morais’ (Global organic
possible) scenario for vegetarian food assumes that the animals are not eaten.
While I respect that some people simply don’t want to eat meat, I believe that a
vegetarian scenario where cows and calves are just left to die instead of eaten
is largely unrealistic as well as undesirable. </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/supreme-court-stays-centre-s-ban-on-cattle-trade-58261"><span lang="EN-US">It is not even working in India</span></a></span><span>. Interestingly, they discuss this in the final
part of the paper where they also conclude that a “ovo-lacto vegetarian” diet
where people also eat the used hens, cows and their calves would perform equal
to the vegan diet. </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/9/10/105011/meta"><span lang="EN-US">Nitrogen use efficiency tend to
decrease with increasing supply</span></a></span><span>, so in that sense it is quite obvious that in an organic world nitrogen
use efficiency will be higher. Nevertheless, the expectations on the possible
improvements in nitrogen use efficiency in Morais paper is not explained well,
instead they just make reference to another article supposedly demonstrating
that. Taking into account that the improvement in nitrogen use efficiency is
the cornerstone in their paper, that is disquieting. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>In the paper of Billen
I am a surprised by the very high share of fruit and vegetables (assumingly
including potatoes) included in the diet, 15 % of the nitrogen is supposed to
come from them. I don’t think it is likely at all that consumption of fruit and
vegetables can increase substantially in an all-organic scenario (the
conclusion of Barbieri is that it will shrink with 65%). They are very
susceptible to pests and they are spoiled plants requiring a very ample supply
of nutrients. As far as I can see their substantial nitrogen demand – and
losses - are not considered in the research. By and large it would have been
interesting if their analysis had not been limited to a prescribed diet.
Another question mark is that it doesn’t include the opportunity to expand
grassland areas or intensify grassland use. In many parts of Europe huge tracts
of grasslands have been abandoned the last century and in many parts grazing is
underutilized because it is </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0155222"><span lang="EN-US">cheaper to buy (feed) feed than to
use grazing</span></a></span><span> and to
breed monogastric animals instead of ruminants. Unfertilized permanent
grasslands are hot spots for biodiversity and abandonment of them pose major
bio-diversity threats. They assume instead a 46% decrease in the production
from grasslands. <span> </span>That may be a realistic
assumption for grasslands which today are fertilized with synthetic N with no
other changes in management. But in many European countries </span><span lang="SV"><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2005GB002612"><span lang="EN-US">just a small fraction of the
permanent grasslands receives any fertilizers</span></a></span><span>. <span> </span><span> </span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><i><span>What if?</span></i><span> is a human way of thinking. Earlier this thinking was in the realm of
culture and imagination, but with increasing computational power we can make
more and more sophisticated models. My reading of the three articles
demonstrate quite well that models of this kind shouldn’t be referred to as
evidence of that one or the other opinion is correct. Food and agriculture
systems are far too complex to allow for such conclusion. One change, such as
the elimination of synthetic nitrogen triggers a cascade of changes, which in
turn cause new changes. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>*</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Having farmed
organically for more than forty years, I can agree with the basic tenet of all
three articles; that N-supply is a major challenge for organic. Of course, if
you grow vegetables, fruits and berries, pests can be a bigger challenge some
years for some crops. Under some circumstances phosphorus or potassium supply
can also be a problem. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>By and large, all
three papers demonstrate that a 100 % organic scenario requires substantial
changes in the food system from production to consumption. This should be no
surprise. The availability of a rather unlimited supply of nitrogen has clearly
steered the food system in a certain direction that goes all the way from how
we (don’t) handle human waste to enormous increase of the consumption of
chicken (per capita consumption of chicken has increased more than five times
since 1961, while beef production has remained the same). It has also been a
prerequisite for the globalization of food as it made possible the constant
export of nutrients from one region to another. Clearly it is totally
impossible to take this system and just exclude nitrogen fertilizers. But
farmers and societies will adapt and adjust to new conditions.<i><span style="font-style: normal;"> </span></i>The
changes needed include but are not limited to:</span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span></p>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Recycling of organic waste from all parts of the food system, including
human excrements.</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Reducing food waste.</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Integration of livestock and crop production.</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Considerable use of permanent, non-fertilized grasslands. This doesn’t
necessarily mean expansion of grasslands, but rather better use. </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Expanded use of biological nitrogen fixation through, among others, the
cultivation of leguminous plants. This is not limited to peas and beans for
direct human consumption but also clover and alfaalfa for forage, the growing
of leguminous plants as cover crops or living mulches and leguminous trees in
forest gardens, permaculture, silvopastoral or agroforesty systems.</span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Adaptation of diets to what works well in an organic production system. Notably
an appropriate organic diet is not the same in all parts of the world. The
notion that there is one good global diet with largely the same composition is
socially, culturally and ecologically inappropriate. On the contrary, they diet
should be adapted to what can readily be produced locally. </span></span></li></ul>
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UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
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<![endif]--><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span>Instead of describing
it as a set of technologies or practices it can better be seen as a change in
the whole food system based on the integration of food production and
consumption into the local ecological context. As I explained earlier these
changes will trigger new changes. In the particular case of synthetic nitrogen,
we do have history to learn from. Many of the measures needed have been practices
for centuries. <a href="https://gardenearth.blogspot.com/2021/02/think-inside-right-box.html">A
circular food economy is nothing new but rather standard practice for
centuries, now discarded by the capitalist market-economy</a>. Global flows of
nutrients are largely incompatible with the closing of the nutrient cycles.
That doesn’t only apply to trade in feed for animals but equally for food to
people. This points to a relocalization of the food system, and ultimately, at
least a partial reruralization of societies.<span>
</span></span></span></span></p>
<p><br /><span face=""Calibri",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>Gunnar Rundgrenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11869055229248959119noreply@blogger.com4